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       Copyright

      William Collins

      An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers

      1 London Bridge Street

      London SE1 9GF

       WilliamCollinsBooks.com

      This eBook edition published by William Collins in 2016

      Follow us on Twitter: @CollinsReligion

      Text © Peter Vardy, 2016

      Photographs © individual copyright holders

      Peter Vardy asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

      Cover photograph: Ascent of the Blessed by Hieronymus Bosch (c.1490). Photo by Marco Secchi/Corbis via Getty images

      Scripture quotations taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version (Anglicised edition) Copyright © 1979, 1984, 2011 by Biblica (formerly International Bible Society). Used by permission of Hodder & Stoughton Publishers, an Hachette UK company. All rights reserved. ‘NIV’ is a registered trademark of Biblica (formerly International Bible Society). UK trademark number 1448790.

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this eBook on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

      Source ISBN: 9780008204242

      Ebook Edition © September 2016 ISBN: 9780008204259

      Version: 2016-09-05

       Dedication

      To Christine Smith

      Who, first at HarperCollins and then at SCM,

       has published most of my books and to whom

      I owe a great deal. With thanks.

       Peter Vardy

       Easter 2016

       Contents

       Cover

       Title Page

       Copyright

       Dedication

       6. The Development of the Early Church

       7. Unity, Growth, Division and Discord

       8. Reformation and Counter-Reformation

       9. The Rise of the Protestant Churches

       10. The Bible

       11. The Philosophy of Religion

       12. Christian Ethics

       13. Spirituality and Mysticism

       14. Outward Expressions of Inner Realities

       15. Christianity Today

       16. Conclusion

       Postscript

       List of Illustrations

       Index

       About the Book

       About the Author

       About the Publisher

       ONE

       United and Divided

      Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus the Christ, is at the centre of Christianity. This, at least, is clear but beyond this, defining the essence of Christianity is full of difficulties. It is like trying to capture a rainbow or the light from the sparkling drops of a waterfall as they reflect the sun. Christianity has many facets and many forms. It is the largest religion in the world with nearly 2 billion adherents and these are found in every country in the globe. Christians are united and also divided. They are united around the centrality of the person of Jesus, His unique status and the extraordinary message He came to convey, but divided in many ways on the nature of the message, on doctrine, beliefs, ethics, forms of worship and even the status of the New Testament.

      It would be easy to focus on the lack of unity in Christianity – and this lack of unity certainly exists. Major Christian churches are often at loggerheads and the disagreement between Christian groups can be profound and deep. Some Protestants do not regard Catholics as Christian at all. The teaching authority of the Catholic Church, the Magisterium, has historically been hostile to Protestantism and used to deny salvation to those who were outside their church; indeed, they ruled that there was only one Church: their own. Pentecostal churches, particularly in the United States and Africa, owe much to the charisma of individual church leaders and there is limited unity beyond the centrality

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