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      5

      Bernard Williams, Descartes (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1978).

      6

      Martin Gardner, The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener [New York: Quill, 1983], p. 15, quoted in Schick and Vaughn, p. 87.

      7

      Гедонизм является одним из главных компонентов утилитаризма – направления моральной философии, которое утверждает, что моральная ценность поступка зависит от количества счастья, которое он приносит. Основоположниками утилитаризма были Иеремия Бентам и Джон Стюарт Милль. См.: Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (New York: Hafner, 1948) и Mill, Utilitarianism (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1979).

      8

      Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 42–45.

      9

      Даже убежденный утилитарист Милль, похоже, не мог опровергнуть такие аргументы против гедонизма. В ответ на критику их с Бентамом идей Милль попытался определить несколько видов удовольствия – более высокие и более низкие.

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