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The early child period is considered the most important developmental phase throughout the lifespan. The 95th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop explored in some detail the current scientific research, challenges, and opportunities of cementing a healthy foundation for life in toddlers and young children. The workshop brought together experts in the areas of health care, public health, and developmental science. The first session focused on the nutritional challenges in toddlers and young children across the globe, such as overweight and obesity. The theme of the second session elucidated the journey from infancy to toddlerhood and the role of nutrition in it, focusing social aspects. And finally, the third session aimed to explain the steps of motor skill development and the role of physical activities and nutrition in cognitive development and learning abilities of a child. The key issues offer valuable insights for health care providers, policy makers, and researchers on how appropriate nutrition, nurturing caregiving, and environment can influence the development and health of children up to 5 years of age.

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Malnutrition among children remains a persistent problem around the world. This publication aims to map the challenges within the global landscape of childhood nutrition and considers the importance of nutrition both prior to conception and in children beyond two years of age. Session I provides an updated picture of malnutrition around the world, the recent progress that has been made in eliminating malnutrition in all its forms and several data limitations to track such progress. The role of milk in early life is covered in session II. The chapters describe different aspects of cow’s milk and the possible role of optimized plant proteins as an alternative to dairy ingredients in treating children with severe acute malnutrition. Session III considers the ramifications of environmental constraints to healthy child growth. The chapters cover the issue of how persistent gut damage and systemic inflammation can precipitate malnutrition as well as the putative effects of alterations in the gut microbiota. This overview of diverse issues is relevant to the epidemiology, biology of nutrition in early life, programmatic implications, and future directions.

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Human milk contains all of the essential nutrients and other functional components thought to have short- and long-term neonatal health benefits, such as positive biological effects on growth, metabolism, cognition, and immunity. This publication brings together the world’s experts who touch on the spectrum of current knowledge, from the history and mechanics of breastfeeding, its physiological and clinical effects, to the new surprises revealed by metabolomics and comparative biology. One of the key points made is that human milk is not only a source of essential nutrients, but also contains a variety of bioactive substances. These include essential microbes, long-chain fatty acids, complex oligosaccharides, nucleotides, and bioactive signaling proteins and hormones. This book provides clinicians and researchers with useful insights from multiple perspectives on the various aspects of human milk and lactation.

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Nutrition during infancy and childhood is the basis of an individual’s health in later life. It plays an important role in metabolic programming, physiological growth, and cognition. Diet and eating behavior can provide important insights as food choices and dietary habits go hand in hand with nutrition. This book highlights the importance of childhood diets, eating behaviors, and their potential impacts on development and health. The first part examines the development of taste in infants: It shows how taste preferences are shaped in utero and throughout weaning, and how they guide the individual’s later food choices. The second part focuses on what children really eat in different parts of the world. FITS (Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study) and KNHS (Kids Nutrition and Health Study) provide a glimpse into the diets of children around the world, identifying nutrition gaps and potential areas for intervention. The last part deals with breakfast and its significance as the most important meal of the day. The insights presented in this book provide valuable information for policy makers, researchers, and health care professionals.

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As nutrition and development are closely intertwined in early childhood, this book brings together scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists to present a multidisciplinary approach. The first part examines how the biological systems of the body may contribute to healthy growth, looking at bones, muscles, and fat tissues and the optimal nutrition required for dynamic function. The second section contains updates on the latest research on dietary interventions in the areas of growth and body composition, looking at both obesity and stunting worldwide. The final part focuses on neurocognitive development in infancy and early childhood and the role of nutrients in supporting brain growth and function. Highlighting key areas of recent research and potential new fields to explore, this book is of interest for scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists alike.

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Protein plays a vital role in growth and development and is able to 'program' healthy growth by influencing gene methylation for positive long-term health outcomes. The understanding of these mechanisms is critical to support and improve the health of future generations in both the short and long term.The first part of this book reviews the role of hydrolyzed proteins in infant feeding and the evidence-based benefits of their use in non-breastfed infants at risk of allergy and in infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders. The second part focuses on human milk and its potential alternatives in the feeding of healthy term infants. The final section is dedicated to preterm infants, their nutrition needs, and physiological capacities to ingest adequate amounts of protein for appropriate growth and development. Presenting the latest scientific findings on protein in early nutrition, this publication provides essential reading for pediatricians and researchers alike.

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