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       Christine Bresnahan

       Richard Blum

Logo: Wiley

      Copyright © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

      Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

      Published simultaneously in Canada.

      ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐79445‐5

      ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐79447‐9 (ebk.)

      ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐79446‐2 (ebk.)

      No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 750‐4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

      For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762‐2974, outside the United States at (317) 572‐3993 or fax (317) 572‐4002.

      Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2021938273

      TRADEMARKS: WILEY and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

      Cover Image: © gorodenkoff/Getty Images

      Cover Design: Wiley

       To the Lord God Almighty, “in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.”

       —Colossians 2:3

      First, all glory and praise go to God, who through His Son, Jesus Christ, makes all things possible and gives us the gift of eternal life.

      Many thanks go to the fantastic team of people at John Wiley & Sons for their outstanding work on this project. Thanks to Kenyon Brown, the acquisitions editor, for offering us the opportunity to work on this book. Also, thanks to Kathryn Duggan, the project editor, for keeping things on track and making this book more presentable. Thanks, Kathi, for all your hard work and diligence. The technical editor, Jason Eckert, did a wonderful job of double‐checking all the work in the book, plus making suggestions to improve the content. Thanks to Barath Kumar Rajasekaran and his team for their endless patience and diligence to make our work readable. We would also like to thank Carole Jelen at Waterside Productions, Inc., for arranging this opportunity for us, and for helping us out in our writing careers.

      Christine would like to thank her husband, Timothy, for his encouragement, patience, and willingness to listen, even when he has no idea what she is talking about. Rich would like to thank his wife, Barbara, for the life‐sustaining baked goods she readily prepared to help him keep up his energy while writing!

      Christine Bresnahan started working with computers more than 30 years ago in the IT industry as a system administrator. Christine is an adjunct professor at Ivy Tech Community College where she teaches Linux certification and Python programming classes. She also writes books and produces instructional resources. During her downtime, Christine enjoys spending time with her husband and family, hiking, and gardening.

      Richard Blum has worked in the IT industry for more than 30 years as both a systems and network administrator, working with lots of different operating systems (including Linux, of course). Over the years, he's also volunteered for several nonprofit organizations to help support small networks that had little financial support. Rich is the author of many Linux‐based books for total Linux geeks and teaches online courses in Linux and web programming. When he's not busy being a computer nerd, Rich enjoys playing piano and bass guitar and spending time with his wife, Barbara, and their two daughters, Katie Jane and Jessica.

      Jason W. Eckert is an experienced technical trainer, systems architect, software engineer, and best‐selling author in the technology industry. With 45 industry certifications, more than 30 years of technology and programming experience, 4 published apps, and 25 published textbooks covering UNIX, Linux, Security, Windows Server, Microsoft Exchange Server, PowerShell, BlackBerry Enterprise Server, and video game development, Mr. Eckert brings his expertise to every class that he teaches at triOS College. He was also named 2019 Outstanding Train‐the‐Trainer from the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). For more information about Mr. Eckert, visit jasoneckert.net.

      Over the last few decades, the Linux operating system has evolved from being a hobbyist curiosity to becoming the operating system of choice for most servers on the Internet. The explosion in popularity of cloud computing is due to the robustness of Linux servers,

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