(ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide - Mike Chapple

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or sabotage.

      An organization's supply chain should be assessed to determine what risks it places on the organization. Is the organization operating on a just-in-time basis where materials are delivered just before or just as they are needed by manufacturing? If there is any delay in delivery, is there any surplus or buffer of materials that can be used to maintain production while the supply chain operations are reconstituted?

      Most organizations rely on products manufactured by other entities. Most of those products are produced as part of a long and complex supply chain. Attacks on that supply chain could result in flawed or less reliable products or could allow for remote access or listening mechanisms to be embedded into otherwise functioning equipment.

      Supply chain attacks present a risk that can be challenging to address. An organization may elect to inspect all equipment in order to reduce the chance of modified devices going into production networks. However, with miniaturization, it may be nearly impossible to discover an extra chip placed on a device's mainboard. Also, the manipulation may be through firmware or software instead of hardware. Organizations can choose to source products from trusted and reputable vendors, or maybe even attempt to use vendors who manufacture most of their products domestically.

      In many cases, ongoing security monitoring, management, and assessment may be required. This could be an industry best practice or a regulation. Such assessment and monitoring of a supply chain may be performed by the primary or end-of-chain organization or may require the use of external auditors. When engaging third-party assessment and monitoring services, keep in mind that each element of the supply chain entity needs to show security-mindedness in their business operations. If an organization is unable to manage their own operations on a secure basis, how can they provide reliable security management functions to the supply chain?

      When possible, establish minimum security requirements for each entity in a supply chain. The security requirements for new hardware, software, or services should always meet or exceed the security expected in the final product. This often requires a detailed review of SLAs, contracts, and actual performance. This is to ensure that security is a prescribed component of the contracted services. When a supply chain component provider is crafting software or providing a service (such as a cloud provider), then a service-level requirement (SLR) may need to be defined. An SLR is a statement of the expectations of service and performance from the product or service of a vendor. Often, an SLR is provided by the customer/client prior to the establishment of the SLA (which should incorporate the elements of the SLR if the vendor expects the customer to sign the agreement).

      The primary goals and objectives of security are contained within the CIA Triad: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality is the principle that objects are not disclosed to unauthorized subjects. Integrity is the principle that objects retain their veracity and are intentionally modified only by authorized subjects. Availability is the principle that authorized subjects are granted timely and uninterrupted access to objects.

      Other security-related concepts and principles that should be considered and addressed when designing a security policy and deploying a security solution are identification, authentication, authorization, auditing, nonrepudiation, defense in depth, abstraction, data hiding, and encryption.

      Security roles determine who is responsible for the security of an organization's assets. Common roles include senior management, security professionals, asset owner, custodian, user, and auditor.

      A formalized security policy structure consists of policies, standards, baselines, guidelines, and procedures. These individual documents are elements essential to the design and implementation of security in any environment. To be effective, the approach to security management must be a top-down approach.

      Threat modeling is the security process where potential threats are identified, categorized, and analyzed. Threat modeling can be performed as a proactive measure during design and development or as a reactive measure once a product has been deployed. In either case, the process identifies the potential harm, the probability of occurrence, the priority of concern, and the means to eradicate or reduce the threat.

      Integrating cybersecurity risk management with supply chain, acquisition strategies, and business practices is a means to ensure a more robust and successful security strategy in organizations of all sizes. When purchases are made without security considerations, the risks inherent in those products remain throughout their deployment life span.

      Understand the CIA Triad elements of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality is the principle that objects are not disclosed to unauthorized subjects. Integrity is the principle that objects retain their veracity and are intentionally modified only by authorized subjects. Availability is the principle that authorized subjects are granted timely and uninterrupted access to objects.

      Be able to explain how identification works. Identification is the process by which a subject professes an identity and accountability is initiated. A subject must provide an identity to a system to start the process of authentication, authorization, and accountability.

      Understand the process of authentication. Authentication is the process of verifying or testing that a claimed identity is valid. Authentication requires information from the subject that must exactly correspond to the identity indicated.

      Know how authorization fits into a security plan. Once a subject is authenticated, its access must be authorized. The process of authorization ensures that the requested activity or object access is possible given the rights and privileges assigned to the authenticated identity.

      Be able to explain the auditing process. Auditing is the programmatic means by which subjects are held accountable for their actions while authenticated on a system through the documentation or recording of subject activities.

      Understand the importance of accountability. Security can be maintained only if subjects are held accountable for their actions. Effective accountability relies on the capability to prove a subject's identity and track their activities.

      Be able to explain nonrepudiation. Nonrepudiation ensures that the subject of an activity or event cannot deny that the event occurred. It prevents a subject from claiming not to have sent a message, not to have performed an action, or not to have been the cause of an event.

      Know about defense in depth. Defense in depth, also known as layering, is simply the use of multiple controls in a series. Using a multilayered solution allows for numerous different controls to guard against whatever threats come to pass.

      Be able to explain the concept of abstraction. Abstraction is used to collect similar elements into groups, classes, or roles that are assigned security controls, restrictions, or permissions as a collective. It adds efficiency to carrying out a security plan.

      Understand data hiding. Data hiding is exactly what it sounds like: preventing data from being discovered or accessed by a subject. It is often a key element in security

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