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Introduction To Modern Planar Transmission Lines. Anand K. Verma
Читать онлайн.Название Introduction To Modern Planar Transmission Lines
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119632474
Автор произведения Anand K. Verma
Издательство John Wiley & Sons Limited
1.1.4 Waveguides as Propagation Medium
Heaviside reformulated Maxwell equation in 1884. He rejected the idea of EM‐wave propagation in a hollow metallic cylinder. In his opinion, two conductors, alternatively one conductor and the earth as a ground conductor are essential for the EM‐wave propagation. However, in 1893 J.J. Thomson expressed the possibility of the EM‐wave propagation in a hollow cylinder [B.12]. Next year, Oliver Lodge verified it experimentally. In the year 1895, J.C. Bose used the waveguide and horn antenna for the mm‐wave transmission and reception. In 1897 he reported the work at Royal Institution in London [B.5]. However, it was Rayleigh who carried out a detailed solution of boundary‐value problems. He obtained the normal mode solution, showing wave propagation in the form of the distinct discrete modes, i.e. the normal modes. He obtained his solutions for both the TE and TM modes, and introduced the concept of the cutoff frequency for modes. He further examined the EM‐wave propagation on a dielectric waveguide [J.30]. In 1920 Rayleigh, Sommerfeld and Debye continued the researches in this direction.
However, only in 1930 proper experimental investigations of the wave propagation in the waveguides were undertaken by G. C. Southworth at Bell Labs, and W.L. Barrow at MIT. In 1934, microwave commercial link was established, and in 1936, Southworth and Barrow discovered the possibility of using the waveguide as a transmission medium. However, they published their works only in 1936 [J.31, J.32, B.5]. During the same time‐period, Brillouin also investigated the wave propagation in a tube [J.33]. Serious analytical work on waveguides was further undertaken by J.R Carson, S.P. Mead, and S.A. Schelkunoff around 1933 [J.34]. Almost forgotten analytical works of Rayleigh was reinvented. Chu and Barrow further investigated the EM‐waves propagation in the elliptical and rectangular hollow metallic pipes [J.35]. During 1934, Schelkunoff extended the concept of impedance to the EM‐wave propagation in the coaxial line, and obtained the transmission line equations using the electromagnetic theory [J.36]. In 1937, he further extended the theory to the TE and TM mode guided wave propagations, and obtained the circuit models of mode supporting waveguides. Finally, Schelkunoff generalized the standard telegrapher's equation, using Maxwell's EM‐theory to represent an infinite set of uncoupled and coupled modes of a waveguide by the system of uncoupled and coupled transmission line equations [J.37–J.39]. Subsequently, his method has been extended to planar lines in an inhomogeneous medium supporting the hybrid modes [B.13].
During the World War‐II period, important theoretical and practical works were done in the field of waveguide technology for the development of the waveguide‐based components and systems. The development of Radar provided the impetus for such research activities.
1.2 Planar Transmission Lines
A brief review of the development of planar transmission lines, influencing modern microwave technology, is presented below. A review is also given for the analytical methods as applied to the planar line parameters.
1.2.1 Development of Planar Transmission Lines
The waveguide is a low‐loss transmission medium capable of handling high power transmission. However, it is a bulky structure with limited bandwidth. The fabrication of waveguide‐based components is a complex and expensive machining process. The limitations of the waveguide provided an impetus for the growth of planar lines, and technology based on the planar lines. H.A Wheeler, in 1936, developed a low‐loss coplanar stripline, and in 1942 created parallel plate strip transmission line on a high permittivity substrate. The line structure was compact and suitable at low RF frequency from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz. However, properly documented stripline was reported by R.M. Barrett only in 1951. Just next year, i.e. in 1952, Grieg and Engelmann reported microstrip line. Both structures competed with each other. Initially, the stripline in the homogeneous medium was a preferred line, as it is a dispersionless line with a larger bandwidth. It supports the TEM mode propagation. As it is a shielded line, so it also has a higher Q‐factor. Whereas, the microstrip in the inhomogeneous medium is a dispersive line as it supports the dominant hybrid mode. It has a smaller bandwidth and lower Q‐factor. During 1960, solid‐state components started appearing, and microstrip became the preferred line structure for the MIC environment. The microstrip is an open structure that provided easier access for the interconnections. It led to the development of miniaturized microstrip integrated circuit (MIC) technology. Gradually, the discrete active devices were combined with the planar passive microwave components, and the hybrid MIC (HMIC) came into existence. The sixties were a very creative period for the planar line technology. In 1968, Cohn reported the slot line followed by the coplanar waveguide (CPW) that became the medium of MMIC. C.P. Wen in 1969 developed the CPW. It is an interesting and unusual coincidence that the abbreviation of both the line name and inventor's name is CPW. The integration of the slot line with waveguide took place in 1972 when Meier reported the quasi‐planar fin line [J.40–J.44].
Further compactness in the microwave circuits and systems took place through the development of the monolithic MIC (MMIC) circuit concept in the year 1964. At this stage, the MMIC was based on silicon technology. Unfortunately, the program was not successful due to the very lossy Si‐substrate. The semi‐insulating Si‐substrate deteriorated in the process of the formation of active devices, such as bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) on a Si‐substrate. The next phase of MMIC development took place for the GaAs substrate‐based technology in 1968. It required nearly 10–12 years for its more meaningful development. The span of 1980–1986 was a period of rapid growth for MMIC technology. In 1990s, SiGe based technology was developed that permitted operation of high‐efficiency circuits at higher frequencies. The MMIC technology achieved its maturity for the MMIC based on the silicon and indium–phosphide (InP) substrates apart from the GaAs substrate. At the core of the development were the multilayer planar lines and new varieties of active devices [J.45].
Another kind of Si‐based technology, namely the micro‐electro‐mechanical system (MEMS) gradually came to the fields of RF and microwave. Petersen's reported the MEMS membrane‐based switches in July 1979. However, after a long gap, Yao and Chang developed the surface MEMS switch for DC‐4 GHz operation and high‐quality MEMS inductor chip could be realized in 1997. Subsequent years witnessed a reduction in operating voltage of MEMS switches. The operation of MEMS in the microwave and mm‐wave ranges expanded their applications in the field of the antenna and other microwave systems [J.46–J.48].
The robust and compact multilayer ceramic tape‐based microwave technology, called the low‐temperature co‐fired ceramics (LTCC) gradually acquired significance for the development of the hybrid integrated circuits. It started in 1950–1960 to develop more robust capacitors. The several layers of different materials are used in a single multilayer laminated package to design multi‐functionality circuit‐blocks. The planar lines in the LTCC are used in the multilayer and multilevel formats as a medium to develop the components and interconnect [J.49, J.50].
Further innovations in the planar microwave technology were added by incorporating the periodic reactive loading of planar lines and planar surfaces resulting in the electronic band‐gap (EBG) lines and EBG surfaces for a wide range of applications. Long ago, the theoretical basis for the analysis of the periodic structures was summarized by L. Brillouin [B.14]. The theoretical concept of the metamaterial as a double negative (negative permittivity and negative permeability) material medium, and its radical impact on behaviors of the electromagnetic phenomena were worked out by Victor Veselago in 1967. The practical development of the metamaterials is an outcome of a long history of artificial dielectrics and mixture medium. However, only in 1996–1999, Pendry and co‐workers suggested, and further experimentally demonstrated, the artificial negative permittivity below the controlled plasma frequency. It was realized by using the periodic