Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children - Группа авторов Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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36–47 months old) fall below recommendations for calcium intakes [23]. In contrast, in the Philippines and Indonesia, where consumption of dairy foods is rare, 66–84% of children 2–4 years old fall below calcium recommendations [18, 19]. For vitamin E, we see relatively low levels of inadequacy in China (6%), moderate inadequacy for the US (32%) and Germany (43%), and high levels of inadequacy for the Philippines (>90%). Iron intakes are below recommendations for the majority of children in Indonesia (83%), the Philippines (75%), and Russia (64%), in contrast to those living in the USA, Mexico, and Brazil, where <5% are below recommendations.

      Conclusions

      Several important sources of data on nutrition status and dietary intakes are available globally. International monitoring from the WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank provides information on growth rates (stunting, wasting, underweight, overweight, and obesity) in children under the age of 5 years, and identifies countries where young children are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, zinc, and iodine. The WHO has also created simple qualitative diet quality indicators that can be assessed using DHS and MICS surveys to help understand the risk for inadequate dietary intakes. These indicators are used as a basis for policy decisions and program interventions but are not designed to provide quantitative intake data on energy or nutrients. For quantitative data, national-level detailed dietary intake studies are required to complement global monitoring of nutritional issues by the WHO and the World Bank.

      Using the data we have, we can see that child growth issues like stunting still affect approximately one-third of children <5 years of age in Southern Asia, Central and Eastern Africa, and parts of Oceania, while overweight is rising in all regions of the world. Rates of anemia, vitamin A, and zinc deficiency are also highest in South Asia and Central African countries. The DHS and MICS show that fewer than 15% of children 12–23 months old in Central African countries and less than 30% in South Asian countries reach the minimum acceptable diet score.

      A deeper dive into the nutrient intakes from quantitative national nutrition surveys shows wide ranges in nutrient intakes for 2- to 3-year-old toddlers from Brazil, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, the USA, Mexico, Germany, and Russia. We saw generally low fiber and vitamin D intakes in the countries presented here, and wide variability in the percentage of young children with low intakes for vitamins A, C, and E, and for calcium, iron, and zinc. Understanding dietary patterns can provide additional insight into the food-related causes of these inadequate intakes and help to define appropriate targets for improving nutrient intakes.

      Conflict of Interest Statement

      The authors, Alison L. Eldridge and Elizabeth A. Offord, are employees of Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland (Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.). Nestlé Research funded FITS in the USA, analysis of the MING study in China, and analysis of national nutrition survey data for Mexico, the Philippines, and Russia.

      References

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