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      Ruth A. Valentine

      School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University

      Framlington Place

      Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW (UK)

      E-Mail [email protected]

      Cor van Loveren

      Department of Cariology, Endodontology and

      Pedodontology

      Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)

      Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004

      NL–1081 LA Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

      E-Mail [email protected]

      Angus Walls

      Department of Oral Surgery, Edinburgh Dental

      Institute

      Lauriston Building, Lauriston Place

      Edinburgh, EH3 9HA (UK)

      E-Mail [email protected]

      Johan P. Wölber

      Department of Operative Dentistry and

      Periodontology

      Medical Center – University of Freiburg Faculty of

      Medicine

      Hugstetter Str. 55, DE–79106 (Germany)

      E-Mail [email protected]

      Margaret Woodward

      The Borrow Foundation

      Padnell Grange

      Waterlooville PO8 8ED (UK)

      E-Mail [email protected]

      F. Vida Zohoori

      School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University

      Centuria Building

      Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA (UK)

      E-Mail [email protected]

Preface

      Oral health matters – an attractive smile, the ability to chew and to talk well and, most importantly, freedom from pain and sepsis. The reality, however, is different – oral diseases are amongst the most prevalent worldwide, and are expensive to treat. This is unacceptable as the causes are well known, and the vast majority of oral diseases are preventable. In common with other non-communicable diseases, causes of oral diseases are intimately related to lifestyle and central to this lifestyle is the foods we purchase and eat. While in some countries malnutrition, or undernutrition, is a major problem, in many middle- and high-income countries, a wide choice of foods is available and affordable. Too many choose unwisely leading to unnecessary morbidity. Reasons for unwise purchase and consumption of foods are complex – availability, price, advertising and promotion, simple to prepare, family and peer pressure, inability to distinguish desirable and undesirable foods, and lack of information. The accuracy of information is of crucial importance and the purpose of this monograph is to provide an up-to-date review of how nutrition and diet impact oral health, and how poor oral health leads to less healthy dietary choices.

      The series “Monographs in Oral Science” has a long and impressive history, and this is the 28th publication in this series since it was launched in 1972. In this monograph on nutrition, diet and oral health, there are 14 chapters, divided into 4 parts: background (chapters 1 and 2), the impact of nutrients on oral health (chapters 3–6), the impact of diet and nutrition on oral health (chapters 7–13), and the impact of oral health on diet and nutrition (chapter 14). The background provides information on the differences between diet and nutrition, and a description of oral diseases. Our diet is taken as foods which provide nutrients required by our body for growth, activity, and repair. But the story is not so simple, since the availability of nutrients can depend on the food, as discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter reviews oral diseases, from dental caries to cancer, indicating how diet and nutrition can preserve health but also cause disease.

      The second part reviews the role of nutrients on oral health. History in this area is informative. The battle of the integrity of teeth has been between dietary sugars and the remarkable ability of fluoride to provide protection. Scurvy was the scourge of sailors long before vitamin C was identified. The incidence of oral cancer continues to rise, strongly influenced by diet, particularly the abuse of alcohol and lack of fruit and vegetables. However, this section indicates that many more macro- and micronutrients and vitamins influence oral health.

      The third part is the largest and discusses how food groups affect oral health. This is important as conclusions dictate food policy and advice. These conclusions have been updated, in the light of recent research, and clarified. The contents of 2 chapters will be less familiar to many readers. First, the ability of probiotic bacteria in influencing oral health. As with probiotics and general health, the mechanisms by which probiotics benefit oral health are only now being clarified. Nutrigenomics is very much a growth area: our genome influences the effect of nutrients on health or disease, and nutrients influence genome expression. Findings from this new science will influence public policy and, particularly, dietary advice for individuals.

      The last part of the book highlights an oft overlooked subject, relevant to policy and advice for all ages. Mouths of young children ravaged by dental caries are all too common in many countries, contributing significantly to stunting and wasting. Likewise, for many older people, inability to chew due to poor dental health, influences dietary choice and nutrient intake.

      In summary, this monograph provides most timely information which should influence food policy and dietary advice. It provides both an update on familiar themes as well as current information on unfamiliar themes, and should be read by university teachers, nutritionists, policy-makers, and advisors to the food industry.

      Andrew J. Rugg-Gunn, Newcastle upon Tyne

Background

      Zohoori FV, Duckworth RM (eds): The Impact of Nutrition and Diet on Oral Health.

      Monogr Oral Sci. Basel, Karger, 2020, vol 28, pp 1–13 (DOI: 10.1159/000455365)

      ______________________

Chapter 1: Nutrition and Diet

      F. Vida Zohoori

      School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK

      ______________________

      Abstract

      Diet and nutrition are fundamental in maintaining the general and oral health of populations. Diet refers to the total amount of food consumed by individuals; whereas nutrition is the process of utilising food for growth, metabolism and repair of tissues. The relationship between diet and nutrition and health is 2-way; health status can be affected by nutrient deficiency and vice versa. Dietary guidelines have been developed to provide

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