LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

for example, concluded that much of the contemporary ‘missing girl’ puzzle in China could be explained by hidden daughters, while also pointing to the likelihood of some sex-selective infanticide.

² Chinese authorities conducted a national population census for November 2010, but the detailed results from that count are not yet available, and the initial communiqué on that census does not mention the country’s SRB [7].

³ Although China’s population program is known as the ‘One Child Policy’, it does in practice permit the birth of some second, third, and even higher-order babies: for the country as a whole, the total fertility rate (or number of births per woman per lifetime) is estimated by the UNPD as 1.64 for the 2005-2010 period, and by the US Census Bureau International Data Base at 1.54 for the year 2010 [12, 13].

      ⁴ According to Vietnam’s Ministry of Health, annual ultrasound tests nationwide rose more than tenfold between 1997 and 2007, i.e. from 1 million to 10.8 million; these data refer to medical imaging for all purposes, not only obstetrics [28].

⁵ Calculated using ProFamy software [37] as described in Yi, et al. [38].

⁶ For an overview and evaluation of the growing literature on the relationship between marriage and health, see Wood et al. [39].

⁷ For a decidedly ‘pessimistic’ but studied assessment of these prospects, see Hudson and den Boer [42].

⁸ For example: Macro International, a USAID contractor, archives over 200 DHS surveys for 75 countries - but only 7 of these for 4 countries (India 1992/1993, 1998/1999, 2005/2006; Jordan 2002; Pakistan 1990/1991, and Yemen 1991/1992, 1997) contain specific questions on parental sex preference for the next birth. The DHS surveys in question are available electronically at Measure DHS [43].

      References

1 James WH: The human sex ratio. 1. A review of the literature. Hum Biol 1987;59:721–722.

      2 James WH: The human sex ratio. 2. A hypothesis and a program of research. Hum Biol 1987;59:873–900.

3 Teitelbaum MS, Mantel N, Stark CR, et al: Limited dependence of the human sex ratio on birth order and parental ages. Am J Hum Genet 1971;23:253–270.

4 Aird J: Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China. Washington, AEI Press, 1990.

5 Greenhalgh S: Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008.

6 Johansson S, Nygren O: The missing girls in China: a new demographic account. Popul Dev Rev 1991;17:35–51.

7 National Bureau of Statistics of China: Press release on major figures of the 2010 national population census. 2011. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722237.htm (accessed May 1, 2011).

8 Goodkind D: Child underreporting, fertility, and sex ratio imbalance in China. Demography 2011;48:291–316.

9 Shuzhuo Li: Imbalanced sex ratio at birth and comprehensive intervention in China. 4th Asia Pac Conf on Reprod and Sex Health and Rights, Hyderabad, 2007.

10 Guilmoto C, Oliveau S: Sex ratio imbalances among children at micro-level: China and India compared. Popul Assoc of America 2007 Annu Meet, New York, 2007.

11 Oster E: Hepatitis B and the case of the missing women. J Polit Econ 2005;113:1163–1216.

12 United States Census Bureau International Data Base. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ (accessed May 1, 2011).

13 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm (accessed May 1,2011).

14 Chen Y, Li H, Meng L: Prenatal sex selection and missing girls in China: evidence from the diffusion of diagnostic ultrasound. 2011. http://nthu.hccg.org.tw/big5/down/%E5%AD%9F%E5%B6%BA%E7%94%9F.pdf.

15 Lutz W, Goujon A, KC S, et al: Reconstruction of population by age, sex and level of educational attainment of 120 countries for 1970-2000. Vienna Yearb Popul Res 2007; 193-235.

16 China 1982 population census data assembly. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census1982 (accessed May 1, 2011).

      17 China 1990 population census data assembly. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census1990/ybListDetail.asp?ID=1 (accessed May 1, 2011).

      18 All China Marketing Research: China census 2000.http://chinadataonline.org/member/census2000/.

      19 China 1982 ten-percent inter-censal survey. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census1982s/ybListDetail.asp?ID=1.

20 China 2005 one-percent inter-censal survey. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census2005/ (accessed May 1, 2011).

21 Maddison A: Historical statistics for the world economy: 1-2008

Скачать книгу