The Hebrew Bible - David M. Carr

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Psalter (final, Torah‐oriented version of the book) Greek conquering of Persian empire (332) 300 (Shifting domination of Palestine by Greek Ptolemies (Egypt) and Seleucids (Mesopotamia); 332–142) Early parts of Enoch 1–2 Chronicles Wisdom of Ben Sira (Sirach) 200 Jason purchase of high priesthood, attempt to Hellenize Jerusalem (174) Menelaus purchase of high priesthood (171) and Judean rebellion against him Daniel Antiochus Epiphanes IV campaign to eradicate observant Judaism and beginning of Hasmonean‐led rebellion against Hellenistic rule (167–) Purification and rededication of Temple (164) Hasmonean independence and rule (142–63) Ezra‐Nehemiah, Esther 1–2 Maccabees, Judith 100 CE Roman takeover of Palestine (63) Destruction of the Second Temple (70) An illustration of a map depicting the ancient near east.

      MAP 0.1 The ancient Near East.

      Redrawn from Adrian Curtis (ed.), Oxford Bible Atlas (4th edition). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, page 67.

      1  The Bible as a Complex Product of Many Hands

      2  The Different Scriptures of Judaism and Christianity

      3  Becoming an Informed User of a Contemporary Bible Translation

      4  Bible Abbreviations, Chapters, and Verses

      5  Conclusion on Critically Analyzing a Page of Your Own Bible

      6  Chapter Review

      7  Resources for Further Study

      8  Appendix 1: Translation and Paraphrase Comparison of Isa 52:13–15

      9  Appendix 2: Characteristics of Select English Translations of the Bible

      CHAPTER OVERVIEW

      This prologue helps you learn the basic characteristics and background of the Bible that you will use across the course. As you will see, not all Bibles are the same. Judaism and different forms of Christianity include different books in their Bibles. Also, ancient manuscripts of the Bible diverge from one another, and contemporary translations follow different manuscript readings and translation practices. By the end of this chapter you should know the differences between the Bibles of Judaism and Christianity, as well as the relationship of the Islamic Qur’an to both sets of scriptures. You will also learn about how study of different readings of ancient manuscripts of the Bible, “textual criticism,” and advances in knowledge of ancient languages have led to major progress in translation of the Bible since the King James Version was completed in 1611. Finally, you will learn some basic things to keep in mind in choosing and using an up‐to‐date English translation of the Bible.

      C00i001 EXERCISES

      1 1) Using the parallels provided at the end of the chapter in Appendix 1, compare the translations (and paraphrase) of Isa 52:13–15. What differences do you notice?

      2 2) Take a look at two pages of a biblical book in your Bible. Make a list of all types of elements on those pages aside from the actual text of the Bible. Using the discussions in this chapter, identify where those elements came from

      We start here with your Bible – the book that you hold in your hands. A major aim of this chapter, and this introduction as a whole, is to give you a deeper appreciation of the way this seeming simple book is actually the complex product of centuries of human work. The last stages of that work are already obvious when you take a closer look at a Bible you hold in your hands. Notice the type of cover it is packaged in (unless you are working with a digital copy!). Take a look at the typeface used for the biblical text and various aids that are provided for you as a reader (depending on your particular Bible): paragraph divisions, headings for different Bible passages, and maybe some cross‐references to other Bible passages or brief explanatory notes. None of these aspects come from ancient manuscripts. They are aids that the publisher of your Bible provides to you as a reader.

      These parts of your Bible, however, are just the first set of ways that your Bible has been worked into the form you have it now. Take, for example, the chapter and verse numbers in your Bible. None appear in ancient manuscripts. They were added to the text over a thousand years after it was written. Or consider the translation in your Bible. The biblical texts were originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic (an ancient language similar to Hebrew), and Greek. We will see in this prologue how every translation of these ancient texts involves significant style decisions, reasoned guesses, and compromises. In addition, we have multiple handwritten copies of ancient biblical manuscripts. These ancient copies disagree with each other. As a result, a translator must not just decide how to translate a given biblical verse. She or he also must choose which manuscript reading to translate in the first place. And all this does not even get

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