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2000, https://tinyurl.com/yx7m5nkx.

      34. “The United States presents the Baruch Plan,” History.com, July 17, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/up34tul.

      35. Ibid.

      36. “J. Robert Oppenheimer Biography,” Biography.com, July 26, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/st34k9h.

      37. “Cuban Missile Crisis,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Feb. 4, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/ybyumlfj.

      38. “Cuban Missile Crisis,” History.com, June 10, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yb83yomu.

      39. Ibid.

      40. Evan Thomas, “America’s history of preparing for, and trying to avoid, nuclear war,” The Washington Post, Jan. 30, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/wc6vqcn.

      41. “Hot Line Agreement (1963),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/ru9yt95; “Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963)” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/tymckbf.

      42. “Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/wm2azag.

      43. “Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I,” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/vngomxq; “Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/yx6u676m.

      44. “Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (1979),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/smqmmly.

      45. “The zero option,” The Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 19, 1981, https://tinyurl.com/wldt6ho; Daryl G. Kimball, “Looking Back: The Nuclear Arms Control Legacy of Ronald Reagan,” Arms Control Association, https://tinyurl.com/7gskwlm.

      46. Ibid.

      47. Ibid.

      48. Ibid.

      49. “Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/2dd9sc.

      50. Justin Bresolin and Brenna Gautam, “Fact Sheet: The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program,” Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, June 1, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/wfbk47l.

      51. “Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II),” Federation of American Scientists, https://tinyurl.com/vd39j3x.

      52. Ibid.

      53. “New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) (2010),” Atomicarchive.com, https://tinyurl.com/rsn3m34.

      54. Sanger and Broad, op. cit.

      55. Mark Landler, “Trump and Kim See New Chapter for Nations After Summit,” The New York Times, June 11, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y8d3ptod.

      56. Kevin Liptak and Jeremy Diamond, “‘Sometimes you have to walk’: Trump leaves Hanoi with no deal,” CNN, Feb. 28, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxr5oulm.

      57. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, “U.S. Suspends Nuclear Arms Control Treaty With Russia,” The New York Times, Feb. 1, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y8oakt5y; “Summary: House-Senate Conference Agreement on FY2020 National Defense Authorization Bill (S.1790),” Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Dec. 11, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/tl7qpek.

      58. Kingston Reif, “Congress OKs Trump Nuclear Priorities,” Arms Control Association, January/February 2020, https://tinyurl.com/uuasmf7.

      59. Kim Tong-Hyung, “North Korea’s Kim touts strategic weapon amid stall in talks,” The Christian Science Monitor, Jan. 1, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/qnx35wl.

      60. Adam Forrest, “Trump insists Kim is a ‘man of his word’ despite North Korea ramping up nuclear programme,” The Independent, Jan. 1, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/yx7ozrcl.

      61. Kanga Kong, “North Korea Says Won’t Trade Nuclear Weapons for Sanctions Lift,” Bloomberg, Jan. 11, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/v6y6t6v.

      62. Ibid.

      63. “Democratic senators’ letter to Trump regarding North Korea talks,” op. cit.

      64. “ ‘This Week’ Transcript 12-29-19: Amb. Robert O’Brien, Sen. Chris Van Hollen, Andrew Yang,” ABC News, Dec. 29, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/s9fbyew.

      65. “Summary: House-Senate Conference Agreement on FY2020 National Defense Authorization Bill (S.1790),” op. cit.

      66. Gaouette, op. cit.

      67. Michael G. Mullen, testimony before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 5, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/vw6r7of.

      Bibliography

      Books

       Hersey, John, Hiroshima, Vintage Press, 1989.

      In the 49th printing of a 1946 book, a journalist interviews six survivors shortly after the atomic bomb fell on Hiroshima.

       Kaplan, Fred, The Bomb: Presidents, Generals and the Secret History of Nuclear War, Simon & Schuster, 2020.

      A veteran defense reporter uses recently declassified documents and interviews with former presidents and generals to recount how they considered using nuclear weapons in war.

       Perry, William J., My Journey at the Nuclear Brink, Stanford University Press, 2015.

      The former U.S. Secretary of Defense (1994-97) recounts how he changed from a nuclear weapons hawk to an advocate for disarmament.

       Roberts, Brad, The Case for Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century, Stanford University Press, 2015.

      A senior Pentagon official in the Obama administration argues the United States needs a strong nuclear arsenal to deter other nuclear powers.

       Sherman, Wendy R., Not For The Faint At Heart: Lessons in Courage, Power and Persistence, Public Affairs, 2018.

      A former senior U.S. diplomat recounts her experiences negotiating the Iran nuclear agreement and past accords with North Korea.

      Articles

       Borger, Julian, “US nuclear weapons: first low-yield warheads roll off production line,” The Guardian, Jan. 28, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y7x3mzjs.

      A veteran British national security journalist reports on the U.S. buildup of smaller tactical nuclear weapons.

       Choe, Sang-Hun, “North Korea Is No Longer Bound by Nuclear Test Moratorium, Kim Says,” The New York Times, Dec. 31, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/uefzf3f.

      The North Korean leader says U.S. concessions will determine whether he resumes nuclear and missile testing.

       Gault, Matthew, “Even ‘Limited’ Nuclear War Could Cause 90 Million Casualties in a Few Hours,” Vice News, Sept. 16, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y3egjc4y.

      A journalist details a Princeton University study showing a limited nuclear war would quickly become unlimited, with catastrophic results.

       Gould, Joe, “Trump upbeat on nuclear talks with Russia and China, but lawmakers warn of ‘blow up,’ ” Defense News, Dec. 4, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/qsqk6lf.

      The president is optimistic China and Russia will join in three-way negotiations for a new arms reduction treaty despite Beijing’s stated refusal to take part.

       Kong, Kanga, “North Korea Says Won’t Trade Nuclear Weapons for Sanctions Lift,” Bloomberg, Jan. 11, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/v6y6t6v.

      Pyongyang hardens its negotiating position on denuclearization in response to Trump’s tough line.

      

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