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A juvenile black bear pauses during his evening buffet.

      Reptiles. Herpetology fanatics will find plenty to enjoy in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon regions. Visitors may encounter a variety of venomous and nonvenomous snakes throughout the park, including common species such as rattlesnakes (see the Safety section for more on these guys), gopher snakes, garter snakes, racers, and king snakes. Of these snakes, few are more beautiful than the California mountain king snake. Mountain king snakes have a distinctive tricolor pattern of red, black, and white that often arranges in bands. A number of small lizards scamper about on rocks and bask in the sun, especially in the foothills and lower elevation forests.

      Amphibians. Among the region’s local frogs, the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog and the southern yellow-legged frog populations have declined by as much as 90 percent over the last hundred years. Much of this decline occurred as a result of the introduction of non-native trout species, which feast on the eggs and tadpoles that the frog lays in sunny areas of ponds, creeks, and lakes. Wherever non-native trout have been removed, frog populations have rebounded. The endemic Sequoia salamander lives primarily within the Kaweah watershed between elevations of 1600 feet (490 m) and 7200 feet (2190 m) in coniferous forests and riparian woodlands. This species is critically imperiled. The other amphibian that you might see is the Sierra newt. Shaped much like a lizard, but infinitely cuter, these red critters crawl slowly while camouflaged along the forest floor in damp areas, so watch where you put your feet in those habitats.

      Birds. Over two hundred species of birds reside throughout both parks and the adjacent national forests. Look up into the sky during your explorations of the foothill areas, and it’s likely that you will see any number of large raptors soaring in circles high above, gliding along on the thermals and scouring the ground for any sign of movement. The most commonly sighted raptors in the park are the hawks, including red-tailed hawks, red-shouldered hawks, northern goshawks, Cooper’s hawk, and the migratory Swainson’s hawk.

      Far larger and more dramatic are the range’s two resident eagle species, the bald eagle and the golden eagle, two human-averse species that occupy old conifer snags adjacent to watercourses or lakes. The Sierra Nevada also hosts several different species of owls. Owls are seldom seen by most hikers since they prefer to hunt from dusk until dawn. Invisible though they may seem to humans, it is not uncommon to hear owls hooting throughout the night. Small burrowing owls inhabit the former burrows of ground squirrels in open grassy areas throughout the foothills.

      The Corvidae genus includes crows, ravens, jays, and nutcrackers. Crows and their larger cousins, ravens, are clever birds with long memories and are often found around inhabited areas. Picnickers in the parks are likely to encounter the Steller’s jay. This jay’s beautiful blue plumage invites initial interest, but turn your back for a second, and these ill-mannered birds are likely to steal whatever snack you were about to eat.

      Another avian curiosity found within the red fir–lodgepole belt is the grouse. This large, blue-mottled bird uses its color to camouflage itself on the forest floor. Male grouses create a deep, booming noise that can carry for up to a mile or so.

       MUST-SEE SIGHTS AND ACTIVITIES

      Both parks feature a number of memorable highlights, only some of which include hiking. Be sure to save some time in your itinerary for a few of these must-see attractions.

       HOSPITAL ROCK

      The first white man to explore the region we now call Sequoia National Park, Hale Tharp, encountered the indigenous Monache near this location. The Monache treated Tharp’s friend for an injury next to the large pictograph panel just north of Buckeye Flat Road. This beautiful foothill destination features a picnic area, a short access trail that reaches the Middle Fork Kaweah River, and several other native features in addition to Hospital Rock itself.

       CRYSTAL CAVE

      The Sequoia and Kings Canyon frontcountry is littered with caves caused by eons of erosion that gouged out softer metamorphic rocks. Crystal Cave is one of only two that are open for visitation, the other being Boyden Cave in Sequoia National Forest. Reservations can be made online at www.recreation.gov, and you can obtain your ticket at the trailhead for the short path that descends nearly 400 feet (122 m) to the mouth of Crystal Cave. Several options for exploring the cave range from a short, family-friendly tour to a half-day spelunking adventure.

      The President stands as the third tallest sequoia in the world (Route 21).

       GIANT FOREST MUSEUM

      The Giant Forest Museum provides an overview of climate, history, natural history, and area trails, with friendly rangers and staff available to answer your questions. The Giant Forest Museum also features a shuttle terminus with three different Sequoia Shuttle routes: Green Route 1 between the museum and Lodgepole, Gray Route 2 between the museum and Crescent Meadow, and the Visalia Route (Blue) that runs from Visalia to Giant Forest. Multiple trailheads radiate from the museum and adjacent parking area, making this an important hub for Giant Forest exploration.

       MORO ROCK

      Sequoia National Park’s signature exfoliation dome swells from the southwest edge of the Giant Forest plateau for a commanding view of the Great Western Divide and Middle Fork Kaweah River canyon. A masterful bit of engineering produced a winding staircase that leads to the summit. Sunsets from the top are phenomenal affairs, but be sure to avoid Moro Rock during thunderstorms or when the staircase is icy to avoid potentially fatal experiments with lightning bolts and rapid, gravity-assisted descents.

       Zumwalt Meadow’s lush vegetation is a haven for wildlife (Route 38).

       CRESCENT MEADOW

      Called the “gem of the Sierra” by none other than John Muir, this sprawling meadow is another focal point for hiking in Giant Forest. Several trails, including the historic High Sierra Trail, begin here, as does a spider’s web of footpaths that encircle Crescent Meadow and nearby Log, Huckleberry, and Circle Meadows. A picnic area and a shuttle stop add to the convenience of this essential Giant Forest destination.

       GENERAL SHERMAN TREE AND THE CONGRESS TRAIL

      This is the one destination that every visitor to Giant Forest must see, and for good reason. No single-stemmed organism on the planet is as large as the General Sherman Tree, and that alone is worth a bit of wandering. Combine your pilgrimage to General Sherman with a loop on the nearby Congress Trail. The Congress Trail visits several other impressive sequoias, including the President, the House, Senate, and Founders Group, and several other notable trees named after American historic figures.

       REDWOOD CANYON

      Considered to be the area with the largest concentration of sequoias in the world, the complex of groves within

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