LITMIR.BIZ

      Early American Places is a collaborative project of the University of Georgia Press, New York University Press, Northern Illinois University Press, and the University of Nebraska Press. The series is supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.earlyamericanplaces.org.

       Advisory Board

      Vincent Brown, Duke University

      Stephanie M. H. Camp, University of Washington

      Andrew Cayton, Miami University

      Cornelia Hughes Dayton, University of Connecticut

      Nicole Eustace, New York University

      Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University

      Ramón A. Gutiérrez, University of Chicago

      Peter Charles Hoffer, University of Georgia

      Karen Ordahl Kupperman, New York University

      Joshua Piker, University of Oklahoma

      Mark M. Smith, University of South Carolina

      Rosemarie Zagarri, George Mason University

      Against Wind and Tide

      The African American Struggle against the Colonization Movement

      Ousmane K. Power-Greene

      New York University Press

      New York and London

      New York University Press

       New York and London

       www.nyupress.org

      © 2014 by New York University

      All rights reserved

      Cloth ISBN 978-1-4798-2317-8

      For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data, please contact the Library of Congress.

      References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

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       To William and Gwendolyn Greene

      If as the friends of colonization hope, the present and coming generations of our countrymen shall by any means, succeed in freeing our land from the dangerous presence of slavery; and, at the same time, in restoring a captive people to their long-lost father-land, with bright prospects for the future; and this too, so gradually, that neither races nor individuals shall have suffered by the change, it will indeed be a glorious consummation. And if, to such a consummation, the efforts of Mr. Clay shall have contributed, it will be what he most ardently wished, and none of his labors will have been more valuable to his country and his kind.

      —Abraham Lincoln, “Eulogy On Henry Clay,” 1852

      Contents

      Acknowledgments

      Preface

      Introduction

      1. “The Means of Alleviating the Suffering”: Haitian Emigration and the Colonization Movement, 1817–1830

      2. “One of the Wildest Projects Ever”: Abolitionists and the Anticolonizationist Impulse, 1830–1840

      3. “The Cause Is God’s and Must Prevail”: Building an Anticolonizationist Wall in Great Britain, 1830–1850

      4. Resurrecting the “Iniquitous Scheme”: The Rebirth of the Colonization Movement in America, 1840–1854

      5. “An Undue Illusion”: Emigration, Colonization, and the Destiny of the Colored Races, 1850–1858

      6. “For God and Humanity”: Anticolonization in the Civil War Era

      Epilogue

      Notes

      About the Author

      Acknowledgments

      This book would not have been completed without the support, guidance, wisdom, and patience of numerous scholars, family members, and friends. Manisha Sinha first encouraged me to take up this study of the colonization movement during the antebellum era. For that reason, this book reflects her tremendous wisdom and guidance about how best to write about the colonization movement from the vantage point of black abolitionists and community leaders during that period. John Bracey’s patience and enthusiasm for this project had an immeasurable impact on my desire to see it to completion. Like all master teachers, John challenged me on nearly every idea I had on this topic, pushing me to be more clear in my thinking and in the way I expressed my ideas. While I am certain he will find many points I have made in this book worthy of rethinking and further conceptualization, I am thankful for his unquenchable desire to see me do the best work I am capable of doing. Ernie Allen’s ideas about African American social and political movements remain a crucial foundation upon which this book has been built. Ernie has been a wonderful mentor, and I am very fortunate to have been encouraged by his example. Bill Strickland’s honest, frank criticism of this work has compelled me to remember the big picture and its relevance to the black community. John Higginson provided me with my first lessons of scholarly inquiry a year before I joined the African American Studies Department, and for those formative lessons about writing and research I am extraordinarily grateful. Bruce Laurie’s seminar on the abolition movement provided me with early guidance about nineteenth-century history and how best to approach the study of the antislavery movement. My other mentors and teachers at the African American Studies Program at Umass—Michael Thelwell, James Smethurst, Steve Tracy, Esther Terry, Robert Paul Wolff, and Joy Bowman—have offered wisdom and guidance that extend beyond this book, yet remain crucial to its completion. For all of their words of encouragement and advice, I am very grateful.

      The graduate program in the W.E.B. DuBois Department of African American Studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst provided me an ideal intellectual environment to learn much of what underpins this study. Its broadly trained graduate students, passionate about African American history, culture, and politics as well as the importance of scholar-activism, had an immense impact on my approach to researching and writing this book. While all of my peers have formed a wonderful support network, I am especially grateful for the camaraderie and insights of Shawn, David, Dan, Stephanie, Jen, Rita, Carolyn, W.S., Tkweme, Andrew, Zeb, Sandra, Trimiko, Christy, Karla, Anthony, Allia, Chris, Johnathan, McKinley, Zarrah, Deroy, David S., and David L. Tricia Loveland deserves special mention for her support during graduate school.

      My colleagues in the History Department at Clark University have proven themselves to be indispensable allies in my effort to complete this book. Thus, I extend my thanks to Norm Apter, Taner Akcam, Deborah Dwork, Janette Greenwood, Wim Klooster, Nina Kushner, Thomas Kuehne, Doug Little, Olga Litvak, Drew McCoy, Amy Richter, and Paul Ropp. Each of them have in their own way provided me with guidance on how best to negotiate the challenges of teaching history while managing ambitious research projects. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Amy, Drew, Janette, and Wim, who read drafts of the manuscript and offered important insights that helped me make this a stronger book. My students at Clark University have each challenged me with wonderful and at times provocative questions about the study of African American social and political movements, which have compelled me to rethink many of the ideas in this book. While space does not permit me to mention all of them, I am particularly thankful to undergraduates Brady, Frank, Tibby, Natalie, Natasha, Rosaly, Tim, and Stephon, and graduate students Steve, Diane, Lindsay, Chris, Brooks, and Mike.

      Those

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