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from the Ubuntu software repository now if you prefer. Selecting this option increases the installation time, but it also ensures your Ubuntu desktop software is up to date when you first log in.The last option is to install third-party software. This topic is a bit controversial in the Linux world. Some hardware companies use proprietary drivers so Linux can interact with their hardware. These drivers aren't open source, so many Linux purists prefer not to use them. There are also certain audio and video formats that are proprietary as well, and as you can suspect, these also cause consternation among Linux purists. I'll leave the decision as to whether to select this option to you, but just beware if you choose to not install this bundle your desktop may not work with some of your hardware devices, or be able to play some of the more popular audio and video formats.

      6 Select how to install Ubuntu on your hard drive, then click Install Now.This step in the installation is quite possibly the most important, and also the most complicated. Here's where you need to tell the Ubuntu installer exactly where to place the Ubuntu operating system on your system. One bad move here can really ruin your day.The options you get in this window during the installation depend on your hard drive configuration, and if you have any existing software on your hard drive. If you went through the steps in Chapter 2, you should be all set for this quiz! Figure 3-6 shows an example of what the Installation type window looks like.The Ubuntu installer tries to detect your exact system setup and provides some simple options:If your entire hard drive is currently used for Windows, the Ubuntu installer offers to shrink the partition to make room for an Ubuntu partition, and create a dual-boot environment.FIGURE 3-6: The Ubuntu Installation Type window.If you've already shrunk your existing Windows partition manually (as discussed in Chapter 2), the Ubuntu installer offers to install Ubuntu on the available empty partition and create a dual-boot environment.If you have a previous version of Ubuntu already installed, the Ubuntu installer offers to upgrade only the OS and leave your data intact if possible.If you have a second hard drive in your workstation the Ubuntu installer offers to use it for Ubuntu, leaving your existing hard drive alone, and create a dual-boot environment.If you have a single hard drive that already contains an existing Windows or Linux partition, the Ubuntu installer offers to erase the entire partition and just install Ubuntu.Allows you to manually partition your hard drive to create your own partitions.Which option you select depends on just what type of setup you want to try. If you want to run an Ubuntu-only workstation, the option to erase the existing operating system is the quickest and easiest way to go. Even if you select one of the options to keep the existing operating system, it's a very good idea to back up any important files contained in that operating system. Mistakes can (and often do) happen when working with hard drives.If you select an option to keep an existing operating system on your hard drive, the Ubuntu installer allows you to select how much disk space to allocate for the new Ubuntu partition. You can drag the partition separator to redistribute disk space between the original operating system and the new Ubuntu partition. Hopefully you remember your disk space requirements determined earlier in Chapter 2 to use here!If you select the manual partition process, Ubuntu turns control of the partition process over to you. It does provide a great partition utility, shown in Figure 3-7, for you to use to create, edit, or delete hard drive partitions.FIGURE 3-7: The Ubuntu manual partition utility.The manual partition utility displays the current hard drives, along with any existing partitions configured in them. Once you become an experienced Linux user you can manually remove, modify, or create individual partitions on any hard drives installed on the system to customize your Linux setup.

      7 If you're performing a manual partition, select a filesystem for your Ubuntu partition.Part of the manual partition process is to assign a filesystem to each partition. A filesystem is a method used for storing and accessing files on the partition. Unlike some other operating systems, Ubuntu supports several different filesystems. You can select any of the available filesystems for any of the partitions Ubuntu will use. Table 3-1 shows the filesystem types available for you when creating disk partitions in Ubuntu.TABLE 3-1 Ubuntu Partition Filesystem TypesPartition TypeDescriptionext4A popular Linux journaling filesystem that is the current extension over the original Linux ext2 file systemext3A legacy Linux journaling filesystem that is an extension over the original Linux ext2 file systemext2The original non-journaling Linux filesystembtrfsA newer, high-performance filesystem that supports large file sizesJFSThe Journaled Filesystem, created by IBM and used in AIX Unix systemsXFSA high-performance journaling filesystem created by Silicon Graphics for the IRIX operating systemFAT16Older Microsoft DOS filesystemFAT32Newer Microsoft DOS filesystem compatible with Microsoft Windowsswap areaVirtual memory areaencrypted volumeLinux allows you to encrypt an entire partition — just don't forget the keyDo not useIgnore the partitionThe most common partition type (and the default used by the Ubuntu guided methods) is the ext4 format. This filesystem format provides a journaling filesystem for Ubuntu. A journaling filesystem logs any file changes into a log file before attempting to commit them to the disk. If the system should crash before it can properly commit the data, the journal log file is used to complete the pending file commits, and return the disk to a normal state. Journaling filesystems greatly reduce file corruption in Linux.

      8 If you're performing a manual partition, select the mount points for the partitions.After selecting a filesystem for the partition, the next item that Ubuntu wants for the partition is where to mount the partition in the virtual filesystem (see Chapter 7). The Ubuntu virtual filesystem handles hard drives by plugging them into specific locations in the virtual filesystem. Table 3-2 lists the possible locations where you can mount a partition.If you create just one partition for Ubuntu, you must mount it at the root mount point (/). If you have additional partitions available, you can mount them in other locations within the virtual filesystem.TABLE 3-2 Mount Point LocationsLocationDescription/The root of the Linux virtual filesystem/bootThe location of the Linux kernel used for booting the system/homeUser directories for storing personal files and individual application setting files/tmpTemporary files used by applications and the Linux system/usrA common location for multi-user application files/varThe variable directory, commonly used for log files and spool files/srvA common location for files used by services running on the system/optOptional package installation directory for third-party applications/usr/localA common alternative location for optional multi-user package installations If you're using the manual partition method, don't forget to allocate a partition for the swap area, even if you already have lots of physical memory installed on your system. The Linux kernel uses the swap area as a temporary holding ground to move sleeping applications out of physical memory to make more room for running applications. The standard rule for this is to create as large of a swap area as you have physical memory. Thus, if you have 8GB of physical memory, create an 8GB partition and assign it as the swap area.

      9 If you’re erasing an existing partition, or creating a new one, select any advanced disk features to use, and then click OK.Ubuntu provides the option for you to use the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) feature in Linux with your hard drive partitions. LVM provides a way for you to easily add more space to an existing directory at any time if needed, even if there's data already in the directory. You may also choose to encrypt the logical volume if you need to. The other option is to use the ZFS filesystem, which is a commercial filesystem recently released to the open source world.

      10 Click Install Now to accept the proposed hard drive partition changes and continue with the installation.Up until this point you can change your mind about the hard drive changes. However, after you click Install Now here you're committed to those changes and there's no going back!

      11 Select your location, and then click Continue.Because Ubuntu is in use worldwide, you'll need to manually select just where in the world you are located so Ubuntu can assign the correct

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