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sample to the detector for WAXS analysis.FIGURE 5.14 WAXS data for polyurethane elastomers with polybutylene succinat...FIGURE 5.15 WAXS from a polyurethane foam with a polyurea hard segment.FIGURE 5.16 Relationship of sample to detector for SAXS analysis. Compare wi...FIGURE 5.17 SAXS data for a polyurethane foam. Inset are the 2D data.FIGURE 5.18 (a) SAXS data for a molded polyurethane foam and (b) the derived...FIGURE 5.19 SAXS data for a TDI flexible slab foam. The d‐spacing determinat...FIGURE 5.20 Illustration of a conventional tensile measurement configuration...FIGURE 5.21 Representative stress–strain data for a polyurethane elastomer s...FIGURE 5.22 Useful fixtures for mechanical testing of polyurethanes. (a) Sta...FIGURE 5.23 A technician measuring a film sample using a tensile testing mac...FIGURE 5.24 Hysteresis loop of a polyurethane elastomer with 45% hard segmen...FIGURE 5.25 Representative DMA for a polyurethane elastomer. (a) Storage (so...FIGURE 5.26 DMA fixtures. (a) Parallel plate fixture for measurement of thin...FIGURE 5.27 A technician preparing a DMA for analysis using a cup‐and‐plate ...FIGURE 5.28 Example of rheokinetic data obtainable with DMA for a two‐part r...FIGURE 5.29 (a) Representative stack‐plot of ¹H MAS NMR spectra of a polyure...FIGURE 5.30 The FOAMAT® foam qualification system for quantifying the physic...

      6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 Slab foam process. The image does not show the feed tanks, ventil...FIGURE 6.2 The structure of the common polyurethane foam cross‐linking agent...FIGURE 6.3 Molded foam operations. (a) Raw material handling. (b) Foam fabri...FIGURE 6.4 Timeline for the physical and chemical processes occurring in pol...FIGURE 6.5 Scanning electron microscope images of flexible foams. (a) An ope...FIGURE 6.6 A useful experimental technique for evaluating the timing of urea...FIGURE 6.7 Examples of reactive catalyst structures. The tertiary amines are...FIGURE 6.8 (a) Example reaction for making a catalytic polyol. The reaction ...FIGURE 6.9 General structure of a silicone surfactant, as might be used for ...FIGURE 6.10 Suggested polyhedral structures found in polyurethane foams base...FIGURE 6.11 Measured properties from small‐scale polyurethane foam screening...FIGURE 6.12 Compression set for three molded foams measured following 75% co...FIGURE 6.13 Lack of correlation of 75% humid aged compression set (HACS) wit...FIGURE 6.14 Correlation of humid aged load loss (HALL), a test that ages the...FIGURE 6.15 Correlation of humid aged load loss (HALL) with the d‐spacing, w...FIGURE 6.16 Lack of correlation of diethanolamine (DEOA; a cross‐linking age...

      7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 Approximate volume breakdown for the production (a) of polyuretha...FIGURE 7.2 Approximate breakdown for the volume usage of flexible polyuretha...FIGURE 7.3 Approximate split for the polyurethane flexible slabstock and fle...FIGURE 7.4 Test fixture and sample geometry for testing flexible foam IFD, a...FIGURE 7.5 Approximate breakdown for the types of foams used in the manufact...FIGURE 7.6 Approximate breakdown of the flexible foam market based on foam d...FIGURE 7.7 Illustration of the delayed recovery response of a polyurethane v...FIGURE 7.8 Shear modulus and tan (δ) (tan delta) spectrum of (a) a visc...FIGURE 7.9 Scanning electron microscope image of a typical viscoelastic poly...FIGURE 7.10 Unique commercial relationships among suppliers to the transport...FIGURE 7.11 Patent activities within the flexible polyurethane foam category...FIGURE 7.12 (a) Data from Figure 7.11 with the “foam property” category remo...

      8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 Relative performance of common insulation materials and construct...FIGURE 8.2 Proportional production of rigid foams in 2015 by geographical re...FIGURE 8.3 Ratio of production and consumption volume in the Asia Pacific re...FIGURE 8.4 Approximate European (a) construction and (b) appliance market si...FIGURE 8.5 Approximate breakdown for 2015 of the North American rigid foam m...FIGURE 8.6 Proportional consumption of polyurethane rigid foams in 2015 in (...FIGURE 8.7 Trimerization of isocyanate functionality to form an isocyanurate...FIGURE 8.8 (a) Photograph of an isocyanurate boardstock and (b) a scanning e...FIGURE 8.9 Measured flexural moduli of isocyanurate board properties using 6...FIGURE 8.10 Measured R‐value (ASTM C518) as a function of board thickness fo...FIGURE 8.11 Schematic of the process for making isocyanurate boardstock. A t...FIGURE 8.12 Typical process for developing a polyurethane spray foam formula...FIGURE 8.13 Schematic of the components for application of a spray foam.FIGURE 8.14 Process for the production of Mannich polyols for use in spray f...FIGURE 8.15 Drawings of (a) the external view of a froth foam gun and nozzle...FIGURE 8.16 Form (a) of a purchased froth foam system and function (b) of a ...FIGURE 8.17 Pour‐in‐place (PIP) application segments (nonappliance) in 2015....FIGURE 8.18 Global segmentation of rigid construction foams globally in 2015...FIGURE 8.19 Segmentation of the polyurethane rigid foams for construction ma...FIGURE 8.20 Percentage consumption of polyurethane rigid foams for appliance...FIGURE 8.21 Illustration of the concepts in a reverse heat loss test for ref...FIGURE 8.22 Relationship between measured blowing agent thermal conductivity...FIGURE 8.23 Nanocellular polyurethane foam produced using supercritical CO₂....FIGURE 8.24 Relative patent activity by three large polyurethane chemical pr...FIGURE 8.25 Patent activity of three large polyurethane chemical producers a...

      9 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1 Approximate volume relationships between polyurethane elastomers ...FIGURE 9.2 Approximate volume relationships between polyurethane thermosetti...FIGURE 9.3 Approximate geographical industrial consumption of polyurethane e...FIGURE 9.4 Chinese global exports of monomeric and polymeric methylene diphe...FIGURE 9.5 Capacity utilization for isocyanate production in (a) Western Eur...FIGURE 9.6 Regional industrial consumption of polyurethane elastomers for (a...FIGURE 9.7 Volume fraction industrial usage of polyurethane elastomer in (a)...FIGURE 9.8 Consumption of microcellular polyurethane elastomer primarily use...FIGURE 9.9 Approximate volume fraction consumption of thermoset versus therm...FIGURE 9.10 Styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer, the major componen...FIGURE 9.11 Segmentation of polyurethane elastomers not including footwear. ...FIGURE 9.12 A simplified representation of polyurethane elastomer market pos...FIGURE 9.13 The prepolymer production concept.FIGURE 9.14 Example of the quasi‐prepolymer concept.FIGURE 9.15 North American consumption of prepolymers by type. LF, low free ...FIGURE 9.16 Simplified diagram of a cast elastomer molding system with two t...FIGURE 9.17 Global segmentation of the 2016 TPU market by consumption volume...FIGURE 9.18 Segmentation of the 2016 global TPU market by region.FIGURE 9.19 Simplified diagram of the commercial relationships between manuf...FIGURE 9.20 Simplified illustration of reactive extrusion of TPUs.FIGURE 9.21 Volume production of polyurethane building blocks for RIM applic...FIGURE 9.22 Geographical segmentation of RIM production in 2016.FIGURE 9.23 Industrial consumption of polyurethane elastomeric fiber.FIGURE 9.24 Synthesis of the prepolymer for making spandex. The soft segment...FIGURE 9.25 Preparation of spandex polyurethane urea polymer from prepolymer...FIGURE 9.26 Hard‐segment structure stabilization through germinal hydrogen b...FIGURE 9.27 Trend of increasing applied for and granted patents on polyureth...FIGURE 9.28 (a) Patent activity of companies having at least 10 patents from...FIGURE 9.29 Pie chart of patent activity filed from 2015 to 2019 of top 18 a...FIGURE 9.30 Normalized patent activity during 2015–2019 based on application...

      10 Chapter 10FIGURE 10.1 Technology structure of polyurethane coatings and adhesives by f...FIGURE 10.2 Relative volume of polyurethane (a) volume and (b) value used in...FIGURE 10.3 Consumption of polyurethane resins in coatings relative to other...FIGURE 10.4 Distribution of global consumption of polyurethane chemicals in ...FIGURE 10.5 Global consumption of polyurethane adhesives by (a) total formul...FIGURE 10.6 Global consumption of polyurethane in polyurethane adhesives.FIGURE 10.7 Global consumption of (a) isocyanates and (b) polyols for polyur...FIGURE 10.8 Growth in PUD patent activity since development in the early 196...FIGURE 10.9 Synthesis of ionomeric prepolymer for PUD based on DMPA.FIGURE 10.10 Batch process for PUD production.FIGURE 10.11 Block diagram for a continuous process for making PUDs via a hi...FIGURE 10.12 Patent activities from (a) 2000–2014 and (b) 2015–2019 of major...FIGURE 10.13 Global patent activity for polyurethane adhesives for companies...FIGURE 10.14 Adhesive patent activity subject based on protecting specific p...FIGURE 10.15 Analysis of polyurethane adhesive applications patent activity ...FIGURE 10.16 Distribution of patents based on their delivery format and gene...FIGURE 10.17 (a) Distribution of polyol consumption in polyurethane coatings...FIGURE 10.18 Distribution of industrial applications employing polyurethane ...FIGURE 10.19 Simplified supply chain and commercial relationships among poly...FIGURE 10.20 Structure of aliphatic isocyanate trimers (a) isophorone diisoc...FIGURE 10.21 Illustrative composition of building blocks for making a UV‐cur...FIGURE 10.22 Operations to a powder‐coated item. The components of the powde...FIGURE 10.23 Dimerization of a polyisocyanate to a blocked uretdione structu...FIGURE 10.24

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