LITMIR.BIZ

       Copyright

      William Collins

      An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers

      1 London Bridge Street

      London SE1 9GF

       www.WilliamCollinsBooks.com

      This eBook first published in Great Britain by William Collins in 2018

      Copyright © Svetlana Lokhova 2018

      Cover images © Shutterstock

      Stalin photography & planes © Alamy Images

      Cover design by Jack Smyth

      Svetlana Lokhova asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins

      Maps by Martin Brown

      All photographs are from the author’s private collection or are in the public domain, except for: here, here and here, RGASPI; here, G. I. Kasabova, O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe … [Of the Times, Of Norilsk, Of Myself …], Moscow: PoliMedia, 2001; here, Belorussian State Archive; here, Krasnaya kniga VChK [Red Book of the VChK]; here, courtesy Bennett Family Archive; here, in N. S. Babayev and Yu. S. Ustinov, Kavalery Zolotykh zvozd: Voyenachal’niki. Uchonyye. Konstruktory. Lidery, Moscow: Patriot, 2001; here, mil.ru (CC BY 4.0); here, Sputnik Images. While every effort has been made to trace owners of copyright material reproduced herein, the publishers will be glad to rectify any omissions in future editions.

      Source ISBN: 9780008238117

      Ebook Edition © June 2018 ISBN: 9780008238124

      Version: 2019-05-02

       Dedication

      To my father for his unending love, help and support.

       Epigraph

       Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it.

      Proverbs 22:6

      Contents

       Cover

       Title Page

      Copyright

      Dedication

      Epigraph

      Maps

      Preface

       Introduction

      1 ‘Son of the Working People’

2 ‘We Catch Up or They Will Crush Us’

3 ‘What the Country Needs is a Real Big Laugh’

       4 ‘Agent 001’

       5 ‘A Nice Fellow to Talk To’

       6 ‘Is This Really My Motherland?’

       7 ‘Questionable from Conception’

       8 ‘The Wily Armenian’

       9 Whistle Stop Inspections

       10 Glory to Stalin’s Falcons

       11 Back in the USSR

       12 Project ‘AIR’

       13 ENORMOZ

       14 Mission Accomplished

       Post-scriptum

       Appendix I: Biography of Stanislav Shumovsky

       Appendix II: NKVD and FBI Reports on Stanislav Shumovsky

      Footnotes

      Notes

      Index

      Acknowledgements

       About the Author

       About the Publisher

       Maps

       PREFACE

      In 1931, Joseph Stalin announced, ‘We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must catch up in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us’.¹ These words began a race to close the yawning technology gap between the Soviet Union and the leading capitalist countries. The prize at stake was nothing less than the survival of the USSR. Believing that fleets of enemy bombers spraying poison gas would soon appear in the undefended skies over Russia’s cities, and amid predictions that millions would die from inhaling the deadly toxins, Stalin sent two intelligence officers – an aviation expert and a chemical weapons specialist – on a mission to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He ordered them to gather the secrets of this centre of aeronautics and chemical weapon research and bring them back to the Soviet Union, along with the means to defend his population against the new terror weapons of modern warfare.

      The results of this mission would change the tide of history and lead the KGB to acknowledge that after this first operation ‘the West was a constant and irreplaceable source of acquiring new technologies’ for the USSR.² After 1931, the Soviets would use scientific and technological intelligence, particularly in the field of aviation, to protect itself against its enemies, culminating in the defeat of Nazi Germany and, thanks to later espionage, helping tilt the global balance of power into an uneasy equilibrium. While both sides possessed weapons of equally

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