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of developing highly productive ecologically-based farming systems to feed the world’s growing population of around 8 billion while not polluting our rivers and oceans? Or applying methods to regenerate our farm and rangeland soils to hold more CO₂ rather than contribute to the climate crisis? Who can honestly dispute that deforestation and the demise of coral reefs and other ecosystems worldwide are fueling the frightening loss of species as well as diminishing our biosphere’s ability to be resilient and adaptive? Why do we put up with pollution and the risks of exposure to untested chemicals when technology can and must be reinvented to not harm us, our ecosystems and our biosphere? Biosphere 2 successfully addressed all of these issues because it was a miniature replica of Earth’s biosphere, as well as an ecologically engineered laboratory which made it possible to investigate how ecosystems function and interact.

      Finally, and equally significant, the magnificent structure was inspiring. It was a celebration of architecture with stepped pyramid and barrel vault shapes, geodesic domes, a fjord-like ocean and expansive roofs to allow for the growth of trees during the project’s intended 100-year lifetime. It showcased a new model that, by contrast, reveals the short-sightedness and self-destruction of our current assault on the global biosphere. We laughed when media accounts said we’d created an Eco-Disneyland. Our world wasn’t make-believe; we were living and demonstrating that ecology and living ecologically is inspiring, gratifying, and meaningful. A good part of a generation grew up dreaming of becoming a biospherian with a vision of knowing that it is possible to live harmoniously with all other life. Despite the lack of the internet, when we exited the experiment in 1993, satellite TV coverage of our ‘re-entry’ to Earth’s biosphere reached close to a billion people around the world.

      BIOSPHERE 2 PROVIDED INSIGHTS FOR LIVING IN SPACE

      It’s not easy to fully comprehend or study our Earth’s biosphere because it is so vast. It is one thing to know that we live in a biosphere with finite resources and critical feedback loops requiring biodiverse systems, but it’s another thing to learn with immediacy how it works or how our actions enhance or degrade its health. Thus, previous expeditions and space exploration were useful analogies for our planning. During the design phase, we met frequently to prepare for the two-year journey as if we were going to leave Earth. During the Biosphere 2 experiment, we observed ourselves and the challenges we encountered as precursors to what it would be like to live off this planet. We knew Biosphere 2 was to become our home for two years and that we would have to be resourceful, like we will need to be during future extended space exploration or in off-planet bases. In that respect, in addition to creating a laboratory for ecological experiments, Biosphere 2 also served as a test-bed to inform space design, generate baseline data about sustainable life support systems, and provide knowledge about group dynamics during long-term space missions.

      During the two years, we came to realize that future space missions must include a wealth of living systems, for both physical and psychological health. All eight of us deeply understood that humans have evolved in and depend upon our biospheric life support system. Our ability to live in another world separated from Earth was only possible because Biosphere 2 contained a variety of Earth’s ecological systems. The beauty of our ecosystems was nourishing; the life around us gave us joy, we were part of this new biosphere and evolved with it. That included developing and then fine-tuning its systems and our skills to provide for our needs; all of which will be required for people to live and thrive in space. The most important question for such space habitation is “what do we need to be OK once we leave this planet?” Answering this question produced years of discussions during the design phase that made Biosphere 2 a world where we could not just survive but live well.

      A NEW EXPLORATORY SCIENCE AHEAD OF ITS TIME

      The project presented a stark alternative to how “business as usual” threatens our Earth’s biosphere because of our addictions to chemicals, plastics, fossil fuels, and technology that dominate our attention and divorce us from the natural world. Our wilderness biomes were off-limits to human expansion. They were valued for their own intrinsic beauty and uniqueness, and it was understood that biomes are the vital building blocks of a biosphere and critical for maintaining a healthy atmosphere and water cycles. Our rainforest was not cut down for short-term profits from timber and farming, nor did we slash and burn it or our savannah to create more farmland for growing food. Our mangrove marsh was not polluted with city and farming chemicals or other waste, nor was its water depleted for human use. Our coral reef was not overfished nor used as a dumping ground for trash or industrial and organic waste.

      

      Our farm dramatically differed from industrial agriculture, one of the largest polluters and sources of greenhouse gases. Biosphere 2’s farm produced delicious organic produce that was not suspect because we didn’t (and couldn’t, since we’d be harming ourselves) use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides. We recycled our wastes and returned the nutrients to the farm soils rather than letting them pollute ground and surface water and create marine dead zones. Our animals were champions in this recycling system; they were both our companions and part of a successfully working agricultural ecology.

      Greenhouse gases and global climate change were not the front page issues that they are today due to decades since of accelerating man-made impacts. Yet back then, we were studying the cycles of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in Biosphere 2 as a normal atmospheric aspect of any living system. As we recount in the following chapters, one of the greatest challenges we faced was preventing a runaway rise in carbon dioxide from soil respiration and the imbalance with photosynthesis as Biosphere 2 began with small plants and trees, our initially “bonsai biosphere.” During those first two years, our plants doubled their biomass and a few years later, our soils reached more stable levels of organic matter. From necessity and with ingenuity, we developed numerous ways to help control our CO₂ production and demonstrate how humans can become involved in managing the atmosphere and cooperate with natural systems, which have the capacity to sequester (store) and recycle these gases.

      Perhaps it was inevitable that Biosphere 2 would become controversial once it surprisingly became headline news. To our dismay, even during our two years inside, the facile and endlessly repeated media story was to recount the problems and surprises of the first closure experiment and declare “Biosphere 2 is a failure.” Some even claimed Biosphere 2 was intended to be a substitute for taking care of Earth’s biosphere. On the contrary, Biosphere 2 showed us how irreplaceable our global biosphere is and underlined the necessity for humanity to co-evolve with it and become its stewards, not its destroyers. And with time, it became painfully obvious to the eight of us that most media reporting missed a most crucial point: it was above all else an experiment. We built Biosphere 2 not to demonstrate what we knew but to find out what we didn’t know, to learn from our mistakes and what the facility, with its complex ecological systems, would teach us.

      Because it was cutting edge science, it was bound to step on toes, but who and what did it challenge? We inadvertently found ourselves in the middle of an ongoing fight among scientists. Some small-scale reductionist scientists literally couldn’t understand the systems level, holistic science of Biosphere 2. Arrogantly, they declared it not science at all! Worse, though, they perceived us as outsiders, mavericks, and not properly credentialed to undertake this project even though we had many world-class scientists, engineers, and institutions working with us to design and operate the facility. The fact that Biosphere 2 was privately funded and created outside the normal channels of government and university science grants, is the reason that the project moved so quickly. That independence allowed us to build a capable team and carry out the entire program which included the design, construction, and operation of Biosphere 2 for a price less than NASA would have spent just making the blueprints (as Joe Allen, a friend and NASA astronaut, told us).

      The two-year Biosphere 2 experiment set world records for living inside a closed ecological system, eclipsing the six months that our Russian friends and collaborators had achieved in the most advanced experimental life support facility, Bios-3 in Siberia. That system imported some food and exported solid wastes. Biosphere 2 was the first closed ecological system that provided a complete balanced diet including animal products (meat,

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