Foreign Intervention in Africa after the Cold War - Elizabeth Schmidt Research in International Studies, Global and Comparative Studies

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to my requests for materials and advice. Loyola University Maryland contributed significant financial support. The Research and Sabbatical Committee, the Center for the Humanities, the deans of the College of Arts and Sciences, and the vice president for Academic Affairs provided sabbatical funding and paid for maps, photographs, and developmental editing. Cartographer Philip Schwartzberg at Meridian Mapping produced the maps to precise specification and patiently dealt with multiple changes. Many photographers endured difficult conditions to take powerful pictures, which they kindly allowed me to use. Catherine Sunshine provided superb professional copyediting and stylistic advice.

      Last but certainly not least, I thank my inestimable network of friends and family. For their love, support, and encouragement, I am grateful to my parents, Albert and Kathryn Schmidt; to my son Jann Grovogui; and to countless friends and colleagues—all of whom provided joy and perspective and tolerated the mood swings that book writing always entails.

       Abbreviations

ACOTA Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (United States)
ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative (United States)
AFDL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo)
AFISMA African-led International Support Mission in Mali
AFRICOM United States Africa Command
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act of 2000 (United States)
AMIS African Union Mission in Sudan
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia
AQAP al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen)
AQI al-Qaeda in Iraq
AQIM al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (Somalia)
ARS Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
AU African Union
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
CDR Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (Coalition pour la Défense de la République) (Rwanda)
CENTCOM United States Central Command
CFA African Financial Community (Communauté Financière en Afrique)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CJTF-HOA Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa
CMA Coordination of the Movements of Azawad (Coordination des Mouvements de l’Azawad) (Mali)
CNDP National Congress for the Defense of the People (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple) (Democratic Republic of Congo)
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Sudan)
DDPD Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (Sudan)
DPA Darfur Peace Agreement (Sudan)
DPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo (République Démocratique du Congo)
EACTI East Africa Counterterrorism Initiative
EARSI East Africa Regional Strategic Initiative
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECOMICI Economic Community of West African States Mission in Côte d’Ivoire
ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (Liberia and Sierra Leone)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EEC European Economic Community
EO Executive Outcomes
EU European Union
EUCOM United States European Command
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States)
FDLR Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda)
FESCI Student Federation of Côte d’Ivoire (Fédération Estudiantine et Scolaire de Côte d’Ivoire)
FIS Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut) (Algeria)
FLC Front for the Liberation of Congo (Front de Libération du Congo) (Democratic Republic of Congo)
FLN National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale) (Algeria)
FPI Ivoirian Popular Front (Front Populaire Ivoirien)
FRCI Republican Forces of Côte d’Ivoire (Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire)
G7 Group of Seven
G8 Group of Eight
G20 Group of Twenty
GHI Global Health Initiative (United States)
GIA Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé) (Algeria)
GPOI Global Peace Operations Initiative (United States)
GSPC Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat) (Algeria)
ICC International Criminal Court
ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
ICJ International Commission of Jurists
ICU Islamic Courts Union (Somalia)
IGAD

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