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survey of Khartoum by Galal Eltayeb: deleted, one supposes, because of his characterization of the “Islamist, totalitarian regime.”

      4 See discussion: Challenge, p. 245.

      5 Branko Milanovic, True World Income Distribution: 1988 and 1993, World Bank working paper, New York 1999, np.

      6 Prunty, p. 2.

      7 J. Yelling, Slums and Slum Clearance in Victorian London, London 1986, p. 5.

      8 Robert Woods et al., The Poor in the Great Cities (from Scribners Magazine), New York 1895, p. 305; Blair Ruble, Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka, Cambridge 2001, pp. 266–67 (Khitrov); Rudyard Kipling, The City of Dreadful Night, London 1891, p. 71.

      9 Rev. Edwin Chapin, Humanity in the City, New York 1854, p. 36.

      10 See Carrol Wright, The Slums of Baltimore, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia: Seventh Special Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington 1894, pp. 11–15.

      11 Challenge, pp. 12–13.

      12 UN-Habitat executive director Anna Tibaijuka quoted in “More than one billion people call urban slums their home,”City Mayors Report, February 2004: www.citymayors.com/report/slums.html.

      13 UN-Habitat, Slums of the World: The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium?, working paper, Nairobi 2003, annex 3.

      14 These estimates are derived from the 2003 UN-Habitat case-studies and an averaging of dozens of diverse sources too numerous to cite.

      15 Christiaan Grootaert and Jeanine Braithwaite, “The Determinants of Poverty in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union,” in Braithwaite, Grootaert, and Milanovic (eds), Poverty and Social Assistance in Transition Countries, New York 2000,p. 49; UNCHS Global Indicators Database 1993.

      16 Office of the Mayor, Ulaanbaatar City, “Urban Poverty Profile,” submitted to World Bank, n.d. (PDF at infrocity.org/F2F/poverty/papers2/(UB(Mongolia)%20Poverty.pdf).

      17 Simon, p. 103; Jean-Luc Piermay, “Kinshasa: A Reprieved Mega-City?,” in Rakodi (ed.), p. 236; and Maria Ledo Garcia, Urbanization and Poverty in the Cities of the National Economic Corridor in Bolivia, Delft 2002, p. 175 (60% of Cochabamba on dollar per day or less).

      18 Alternately, Luanda’s child mortality is 400 times higher than that of Rennes, France, the city with the lowest under-5-years death rate (Shi, p. 2).

      19 Challenge, p. 28.

      20 Kavita Datta and Gareth Jones, ‘Preface,’ in Datta and Jones (eds), Housing and Finance in Developing Countries, London 1999, p. xvi. In Kolkata, for example, the poverty line is defined as the monetary equivalent of 2100 calories of nutrition per day. Thus the poorest man in Europe would most likely be a rich man in Kolkata and vice versa.

      21 World Bank report quoted in Ahmed Soliman, A Possible Way Out: Formalizing Housing Informality in Egyptian Cities, Dallas 2004, p. 125.

      22 Shi, Appendix 3, derived from UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database, 1993. A decimal point may be misplaced in the Ibadan figure.

      23 Jonathan Rigg, Southeast Asia: A Region in Transition, London 1991, p. 143.

      24 Imparato and Ruster, p. 52.

      25 Paul McCathy, Jakarta, UN-Habitat Case Study, London 2003, pp. 7–8.

      26 Rigg, p. 119.

      27 Berner, Defending a Place, pp. 21, 25, & 26.

      28 Keith Pezzoli, Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of Mexico City, Cambridge 1998, p. 13.

      29 Nitai Kundu, Kolkata, UN-Habitat Case Study, London 2003, p. 7.

      30 Scores of sources were consulted and median figures were chosen over extremes.

      31 Includes Nezahualcoyotl (1.5 million), Chalco (300,000), Iztapalapa (1.5 million), Chimalhuacan (250,000) and 14 other contiguous delegations and municipios in the southeast quadrant of the metropolis.

      32 Includes S. J. de L. (750,000), Comas (500,000) and Independencia (200,000).

      33 ‘Cono Sur’ = Villa El Salvador (350,000), San Juan de Miraflores (400,000) and Villa Maria de Triunfo (400,000).

      34 ‘Cape Flats’ = Khayelitsha (400,000), Mitchell’s Plain (250,000), Crossroads (180,000) and smaller townships (from 1996 Census).

      35 Islamshahr (350,000) plus Chahar-Dangeh (250,000).

      36 See John Turner, “Housing priorities, settlement patterns and urban development in modernizing countries,”Journal of the American Institute of Planners 34 (1968), pp. 354–63; and “Housing as a Verb,” in John Turner and Robert Fichter (eds), Freedom to Build, New York 1972.

      37 Ahmed Soliman, A Possible Way Out: Formalizing Housing Informality in Egyptian Cities, Dallas 2004, pp. 119–20

      38 Ibid.

      39 Keith Pezzoli, “Mexico’s Ubran Housing Environments,” in Brian Aldrich and Ranvinder Sandhu (eds.), Housing the Urban Poor: Policy and Practice in Developing Countries, London 1995, p. 145; K. Sivaramakrishnan, “Urban Governance: Changing Realities,” in Michael Cohen et al., (eds), Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and Local Forces, Washington D.C. 1997, p. 229; Fix, Arantes and Tanaka, p. 9; and Jacquemin, p. 89.

      40 David Glasser, “The Growing Housing Crisis in Ecuador” in Carl Patton (ed.), Spontaneous Shelter, Philadelphia 1988, p. 150.

      41 Oscar Lewis, The Children of Sanchez, New York 1961.

      42 Kalinga Silva and Karunatissia Thukorala, The Watta Dwelllers, Lanham 1991,p. 20.

      43 Feng-hsuan Hsueh, Beijing: The Nature and the Planning of the Chinese Capital City, Chichester 1995, pp. 182–84.

      44 Hans Harms, “To live in the city centre: housing and tenants in central neighborhoods of Latin American cities,”Environment and Urbanization 9:2 (October 1997), pp. 197–98.

      45 See Jo Beall, Owen Crankshaw, and Susan Parnell, Uniting a Divided

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