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      QUESTIONS

      The easiest way of asking a question in Arabic is to use a question word at the beginning of the phrase or sentence, e.g.:

What’s this?	maa haadha?
Which man?	ayyu rajul?
Which lady?	ayyatu imra’a?
Who are you?	man anta?
Why did the girl leave?	limaadhaa kharajat al-bintu?
When did the plane land?	mataa habatat at-taa’ira?
Where did he buy a shirt?	ayna ishtaraa qamiis?

      An affirmative sentence (statement) may be turned into an interrogative one (question) by means of the word hal, e.g.:

The boy ate	akala al-waladu
Did the boy eat?	hal akala al-waladu?

      NEGATION

      Negation is expressed differently for nominal as opposed to verbal sentences.

      When negating nominal and adjectival phrases, laysa or one of its variants is inserted after the noun or pronoun to which it refers, e.g:

I am not angry

lastu ghaadiban (literally “not I angry”)

      Laysa combines with the personal pronouns as follows:

I	lastu
You (singular, masculine)	lasta
You (singuar, feminine)	lasti
He	laysa
She	laysat
We	lasnaa
You (plural, masculine)	lastum
You (plural, feminine)	lastunna
They	laysuu

      In addition, there are four verbal negation words used according to the tense of the verb, e.g.:

laa	present	laa ashrab	I’m not drinking
lan	future	lan ashrab	I won’t drink
lam	past	lam ashrab	I didn’t drink
maa	past/continuing	maa sharibtu	I haven’t drunk

      What’s Up? 1

      Hello.

      marhaban

      How are you?

      kayfa l-haal?

      I’m fine.

      bikhayr

      OK, I guess.

      al-umuur ’aadiyya

      Not very common in Arabic.

      So-so.

      laa ba'sa

      Things are busy.

      anaa mashghuul jiddan

      Things are hard.

      al-awdaa’ sa’ba

      How have you been?

      kayfa anta?

      I’ve been fine, thank you.

      anaa bikhayr, shukran

      What’s new?

      hal min jadiid?

      What have you been doing?

      maadha kunta taf’al?

      Nothing much.

      laysa kathiiran

      Literally, this means the situation (conditions) is not as good as it should be.

      Nothing special.

      laa shay’ yudhkar

      I haven’t seen you around for a while.

      lam arak fi l-mintaqa mundhu fitra

      Yes, it’s been a long time.

      na’am, laqad mada waqtun tawiil

      Have you been around?

      Hal kunta fi l-mintaqa?

      What are you doing here?

      maadha taf’al hunaa

      How’s Peter / Mary doing?

      kayfa haal Peter / Mary?

      He’s / she’s fine.

      innahu / innaha bikhayr

      Anything new with Peter/

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