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Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration, ROI RI Republic of Indonesia (also ROI) RMAP Resource Management in Asia-Pacific RNH Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Nether- lands; formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie ROI Republic of Indonesia (also RI) RSA Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium, Claremont, California, USA (Herbarium) SEC south equatorial current SK decree (Surat Keputusan) SKSHH certificate that logs were legally obtained (Surat Keterangan Sahnya Hasil Hutan) SPP investigation warrant (Surat Perintah Penyidikan), also known as SP2 or SPRINT SPPP letter of termination of investigation (Surat Perintah Penghen- tian Penyidikan), also known as SP3 SSC IUCN Species Survival Commission SST sea surface temperature TAC total allowable catch TL thermo-luminescence (archeological dating technique) TMDU Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan TNC The Nature Conservancy TNI Indonesian National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) TNS National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Japan (Herbarium) TNWP Tri-National Wetlands Program Trikora People's Threefold Command (Tri Komando Rakyat) UC University of California Herbarium, Berkeley, California, USA (Herbarium) UNCEN Cenderawasih University (Universitas Cenderawasih), Jaya- pura, Papua, Indonesia UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environmental Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- tion UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIPA State University of Papua (Universitas Negeri Papua), Ma- nokwari, Papua, Indonesia UniTech University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, PNG UNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive Authority UPNG University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, PNG (Her- barium) UPT Technical Implementation Units, Indonesia (Unit Pelaksana Teknis) USNM United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA UU law (Undang-Undang) WALHI Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia) WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP) WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WEI Wau Ecology Institute, Wau, Morobe Province, PNG; formerly Bishop Museum Field Station WHO World Health Organization WMA Wildlife Management Areas, PNG WPWP Western Pacific Warm Pool WRI World Resources Institute WRSL Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland (Herbarium) WSPCW Western South Pacific Central Water WWF World Wide Fund for Nature; World Wildlife Fund in USA YALI The Papua Environment Foundation (Yayasan Lingkungan Hidup Papua) YPMD Irian Jaya Rural Community Development Foundation (Yaya- san Pengembangan Masyarakat Desa)

      SECTION FIVE

      Natural Ecosystems

      5.1. The Diversity and Conservation of Papua’s Ecosystems

      ANDREW J. MARSHALL

      THE TERM ‘‘ECOSYSTEM’’ refers to a biological community and its physical environment. Sir Arthur Tansley, an English botanist who was a pioneer in the study of plant ecology, coined the term in 1935 in recognition of the fact that a true understanding of ecological processes requires consideration of organisms and their habitats as a single, integrated system (Tansley 1935). Some ecologists extended this view and argued that the ecosystem should be considered the basic unit of ecological investigation (e.g., Evans 1956; Rowe 1961). Although modern ecology incorporates research on a variety of scales, from populations of single species, through landscapes and ecoregions, to the entire biosphere, the consideration of ecosystems as functional units has produced important insights into a range of important ecological processes, such as primary production, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. In this section we take a broad, ecosystem-level view of the Papuan environment. This level of analysis allows us to consider issues of biodiversity, conservation, and human well-being from a broader perspective than is possible when these issues are examined at smaller spatial scales. In this introductory chapter I comment briefly on some general concepts related to ecosystem classification, diversity, services, and conservation, and consider how these concepts can be applied to the management and preservation of Papua’s ecosystems. In the following twelve chapters, experts provide overviews of the ecology, organization, and conservation of Papua’s most important ecosystem types.

      First, a comment on terminology. In ecology, as in many other scientific disciplines, terminology is both a blessing and a burden. When clearly defined and applied, specific terms unambiguously convey meaning and permit relevant debate. Unfortunately, ecological terms are frequently used in contexts other than those in which they were originally applied, without appropriate definition or clarification. Such misuses of terminology obscure meaning and can result in vigorous debates that create much heat while shedding little light

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