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      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      University of California Press, Ltd.

      London, England

      © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Educational delusions? : why choice can deepen inequality and how to make schools fair / Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg and associates.

      p. cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-27473-0 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-520-27474-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      eISBN 9780520955103

      1. School choice. 2. Educational equalization. I. Orfield, Gary, editor of compilation. II. Frankenberg, Erica, editor of compilation.

      LB1027.9.E395 2013

      379.2'6—dc232012040600

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on 50-pound Enterprise, a 30% post-consumer-waste, recycled, deinked fiber that is processed chlorine-free. It is acid-free and meets all ANSI/NISO (z 39.48) requirements.

      CONTENTS

      List of Illustrations

      Acknowledgments

      PART ONE. INTRODUCTION

       1.Choice and Civil Rights: Forgetting History, Facing Consequences

      Gary Orfield

       2.Choice Theories and the Schools

      Gary Orfield

      PART TWO. SCHOOL DISTRICTS’ USE OF CHOICE TO FURTHER DIVERSITY

       3.The Promise of Choice: Berkeley's Innovative Integration Plan

      Erica Frankenberg

       4.Valuing Diversity and Hoping for the Best: Choice in Metro Tampa

      Barbara Shircliffe and Jennifer Morley

       5.Designing Choice: Magnet School Structures and Racial Diversity

      Genevieve Siegel-Hawley and Erica Frankenberg

      PART THREE. CHARTER SCHOOLS AND STRATIFICATION

       6.A Segregating Choice? An Overview of Charter School Policy, Enrollment Trends, and Segregation

      Erica Frankenberg and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley

       7.Failed Promises: Assessing Charter Schools in the Twin Cities

      Myron Orfield, Baris Gumus-Dawes, and Thomas Luce

       8.The State of Public Schools in Post-Katrina New Orleans: The Challenge of Creating Equal Opportunity

      Baris Gumus-Dawes, Thomas Luce, and Myron Orfield

      PART FOUR. LESSONS ABOUT CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CHOICE FURTHERS INTEGRATION

       9.The Story of Meaningful School Choice: Lessons from Interdistrict Transfer Plans

      Amy Stuart Wells, Miya Warner, and Courtney Grzesikowski

       10.School Information, Parental Decisions, and the Digital Divide: The SmartChoices Project in Hartford, Connecticut

      Jack Dougherty, Diane Zannoni, Maham Chowhan, Courteney Coyne, Benjamin Dawson, Tehani Guruge, and Begaeta Nukic

       11.Experiencing Integration in Louisville: Attitudes on Choice and Diversity in a Changing Legal Environment

      Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg

      Conclusion: A Theory of Choice with Equity

      Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg

      References

      Contributors

      Index

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      FIGURES

       7.1.Students of color in segregated school settings by school type, Twin Cities

       7.2.Poverty and math proficiency rates in Twin Cities elementary schools, 2007-8

       8.1.Fourth grade pass rates, 2009

       8.2.Eighth grade pass rates, 2009

       8.3.Percentage point change in fourth grade pass rates, 2007-9

       8.4.Percentage point change in eighth grade pass rates, 2007-9

       9.1.Declining enrollments of interdistrict school desegregation plans

       10.1.Minority and Connecticut Mastery Test goal-achievement percentages of public school options available to Hartford K-8 families, 2010-11

       11.1.Jefferson County Public School students’ advice on future diversity efforts, 2011

      TABLES

       3.1.Deviation from system-wide racial and economic composition in BUSD among elementary schools, 2008-9

       3.2.Requests for kindergarten made by families in round 1, 2008-9

       3.3.Berkeley elementary school seats, first-choice requests, and matriculation rates for round 1 of kindergarten placement, 2008-9

       5.1.Magnet versus nonmagnet district enrollment patterns by race, 2008-9

       6.1.Percentage of charter and public school students in segregated minority schools, by race/ethnicity, 2007-8

       8.1.Percentage composition of schools by sector, city of New Orleans

       8.2.Percentage of students per school sector, city of New Orleans

       9.1.Key characteristics of charter school and voucher plans versus interdistrict desegregation plans

       10.1.Number of participants who changed their top-choice school postworkshop, by school characteristics

       11.1.Satisfaction with school assignment for your child

       11.2.Factors impacting school choice

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      Choice has been a major theme in civil rights policy since the 1960s. One of us, Erica Frankenberg, is the product of a good desegregated magnet school in Mobile, Alabama; the other, Gary Orfield, had his children attend a magnet school in Illinois and was deeply involved in the creation of new magnet schools in St. Louis and San Francisco, where federal courts appointed

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