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      CSL CONVENTIONS

      CSL Punctuation of Sanskrit

      The Sanskrit text is also punctuated, in accordance with the punctuation of the English translation. In mid-verse, the punctuation will not alter the sandhi or the scansion. Proper names are capitalized. Most Sanskrit meters have four “feet” (pada); where possible we print the common sloka meter on two lines. In the Sanskrit text, we use French Guillemets (e.g., «kva samcicirsuh?») instead of English quotation marks (e.g., “Where are you off to?”) to avoid confusion with the apostrophes used for vowel elision in sandhi.

      sandhi

      Sanskrit presents the learner with a challenge: sandhi (euphonic combination). Sandhi means that when two words are joined in connected speech or writing (which in Sanskrit reflects speech), the last letter (or even letters) of the first word often changes; compare the way we pronounce “the” in “the beginning” and “the end.”

      In Sanskrit the first letter of the second word may also change; and if both the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second are vowels, they may fuse. This has a parallel in English: a nasal consonant is inserted between two vowels that would otherwise coalesce: “a pear” and “an apple.” Sanskrit vowel fusion may produce ambiguity.

      The charts on the following pages give the full sandhi system.

      Fortunately it is not necessary to know these changes in order to start reading Sanskrit. All that is important to know is the form of the second word without sandhi (pre-sandhi), so that it can be recognized or looked up in a dictionary. Therefore we are printing Sanskrit with a system of punctuation that will indicate, unambiguously, the original form of the second word, i.e., the form without sandhi. Such sandhi mostly concerns the fusion of two vowels.

      In Sanskrit, vowels may be short or long and are written differently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no mark above it is short. Other books mark a long vowel either with a bar called a macron (a) or with a circumflex (a). Our system uses the __________

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      csl conventions

      macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex to indicate that originally the vowel was short, or the shorter of two possibilities (e rather than ai, o rather than au).

      When we print initial a, before sandhi that vowel was a

      i or e, i

      u or o, u

      ai, e

      au, o

      a, a

      i, i

      u, u

      e, i

      o, u

      ai, ai

      au, au

      ’, before sandhi there was a vowel a

      When a final short vowel (a, i, or u) has merged into a following vowel, we print ’ at the end of the word, and when a final long vowel (a, i, or u) has merged into a following vowel we print ” at the end of the word. The vast majority of these cases will concern a final a or a. See, for instance, the following examples:

      What before sandhi was atra asti is represented as atr’ asti

      atra aste atr’ aste

      kanya asti kany” asti

      kanya aste kany” aste

      atra iti atr’ eti

      kanya iti kany” eti

      kanya ipsita kany” epsita

      Finally, three other points concerning the initial letter of the second word:

      (1) A word that before sandhi begins with r (vowel), after sandhi begins with r followed by a consonant: yatha” rtu represents pre-sandhi yatha rtu.

      (2) When before sandhi the previous word ends in t and the following word begins with s, after sandhi the last letter of the previous word is c ________

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