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Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution of 21 December 1952, 626 (VII), …, op. cit.

108 UNGA resolution of 14 December 1962, 1803 (XVII), Permanent sovereignty over natural resources, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/17/ares17.htm (2018-11-26).

109 UNGA resolution of 11 December 1970, 2692 (XXV), Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources of Developing Countries and Expansion of Domestic Sources of Accumulation for Economic Development, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/349/57/IMG/NR034957.pdf?OpenElement (2018-06-15).

110 S. Hobe, Evolution of the Principle on Permanent Sovereignty…, op. cit., p. 26.

111 N. Shrijver, Sovereignty…, op. cit., p. 311–319.

112 UNGA resolution of 17 December 1973, 3171 (XXVIII), Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/282/43/IMG/NR028243.pdf?OpenElement (2018-06-16).

113 N. Shrijver, Sovereignty…, op. cit., p. 144–160.

114 UNGA resolution of 12 December 1974, 3281 (XXIX), op. cit.; Seoul Declaration on the Progressive Development of Principles of Public International Law Relating to a New International Economic Order, see the description: R. Chowdhury, Substratum of the Seoul Declaration, (in:) P. de Waart, P. Peters, E. Denters, International Law and Development, Tom 1, Dordrecht-Boston-London, p. 59–86.

115 UNGA resolution of 28 October1982 r., 37/7, World Charter for Nature, A/RES/37/7, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm (2018-11-26).

116 UNGA resolution of 4 December 1986, 41/128, Declaration on the Right to Development, A/RES/41/128.

117 UNGA resolution of 13 September 2007, 61/295, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, A/RES/61/295.

118 UNGA resolution 523/1952…, op. cit..

119 UNGA resolution 3016/1972…, op. cit..

120 Lima Declaration on Industrial Development and Co-Operation, https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/images/1975-Lima_Declaration_and_Plan_of_Action_on_Industrial_Development_and_Co-operation_26.3.1975.pdf (2018-06-15).

121 UNGA resolution of 1 May 1974, 3201…, op. cit..

122 UNGA resolution 3281/1974…, op. cit..

123 UNGA resolution of 1 May 1974, 3201…, op. cit.

124 For example: UNGA resolution of 4 December 1986, 41/128, Declaration on the Right to Development, A/RES/41/128.

125 See also: Art. l (e), IUCN’s Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development, revision of Draft 4, IUCN-CEL/Rev. Draft 4/3 May 1993, https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/EPLP-031-rev3.pdf (2018-06-15). More on the definition: N. Shrijver, Sovereignty…, op. cit., p. 11–19.

3. Rights and obligations resulting from the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources

For a long time, the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources was expressed by granting rights and claims to states and nations resulting from their sovereignty, because states were more inclined to formulate laws extending their sovereignty, than obligations limiting it. Similarly, the academic discussion focused more on the rights flowing from sovereignty, in particular the right to take over foreign ownership. Less attention was paid to the scope of obligations incumbent on the state while exercising their sovereignty over natural resources. Nico Schrijver, based on previous research conducted by: R. Bernhardt,¹²⁶ R. Higgins,¹²⁷ M. Dixon and R. McCorquodale,¹²⁸ the World Bank Group,¹²⁹ J. Makarczyk,¹³⁰ C. N. Brower,¹³¹ and A. Mourie,¹³² put forward the thesis that the formulation of laws inspired by the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is often accompanied by the imposition of obligations aimed at introducing or restoring the balance between rights and interests of all parties involved and at protecting the quality and diversity of natural resources, also for future generations.¹³³ According to Schrijver’s concept, the following rights derive from this principle: the right to freely dispose of natural resources; the right to free exploration and exploitation of natural resources; the right to regain effective control and compensation; the right to use natural resources for domestic development; the right to manage natural resources in accordance with the state’s environmental policy; the right to a fair share of the benefits of cross-border natural resources; the right to regulate foreign investments; the right to expropriate or nationalize foreign investments; and the right to settle disputes under national law. As the corresponding duties, Schrijver mentions: the exercise of permanent national sovereignty for the development and prosperity of nations; respect for the rights and interests of indigenous peoples; the duty of cooperation for international development; protection and sustainable use of natural wealth and resources; fair distribution of cross-border natural resources; respect for international law and fair treatment of foreign investors; and obligations related to the right to take over foreign ownership.

      Listing of all international agreements relating to the above-mentioned rights and obligations remains outside the research area of this work. From the perspective of global governance, however, it is reasonable to indicate representative universal as well as regional and multilateral treaty solutions, judgments of international courts and tribunals, and non-binding guidelines to support the thesis of

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