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      2.2a-b: Adobe blocks (Inset) and earth bricks are simple to use and time tested.

      Adobe and Earth Brick

      Closely related to cob, adobe and earth bricks are also mixtures of sand/clay soils and natural fibers, but the mixture is put into forms and either sun baked (adobe) or compressed (earth blocks) to create rigid bricks in a variety of sizes. These bricks are often dry stacked, but sometimes laid with a clay mortar.

      Adobe and earth bricks have a long and proven history and offer excellent thermal mass properties, as well as low environmental impact and cost. In some areas of North America, adobe building has been commercialized and is relatively popular and accepted by building codes.

      Rammed Earth

      Another soil-based building method,rammed earth utilizes a wooden formwork system into which a suitable soil is placed and then tamped or rammed to compact it, essentially creating something akin to sedimentary stone. Like the other earth based methods, rammed earth is strong, long-lasting, and has a lengthy history.

      As well as providing great thermal mass and strength, low cost, and environmental impact, rammed earth lends itself to both low- and high-tech methods. Some experiments with rammed earth as a foundation system to replace concrete hold promise in northern climates.

      Rammed Earth Tires/Earthships

      Used car and truck tires can serve as permanent forms for rammed earth, providing a long- lasting, stable, and strong building system. A style of building dubbed “earthships” was developed in the US by Michael Reynolds. Using rammed earth car tires as massive retaining walls, earthships are typically arranged with the north side of the building backed into a hill, or buried under the earth,with the south side exposed for passive solar gain. Earthship designs also tend to incorporate systems for renewable energy, water harvesting, and waste processing that make them very self-sufficient structures. These systems are excellent models for anybody trying to lower their environmental impact, and worthy of investigation.

      Rammed earth tires can also be used to create foundations for above-ground housing, like straw bale homes. The tires can be laid continuously to create a full frost wall foundation, or stacked in columns to create pier- style foundations. Often, an owner will be paid to take the tires, and the earth to fill them is free, so this is an option well worth exploring.

      Earthbags

      Using flood control sacks or sandbags to act as permanent forms for earthen fill, earthbag building is also known as flexible form rammed earth. The polypropylene sacks (used for sandbags and feed bags) are filled with sand or other well-draining soils for foundation building, and with clay soils for above-grade walls. Stacked in running bond (like straw bales), these earthbags can create regular vertical walls or can be stacked to create vaulted or dome-shaped buildings. Developed by Nadir Kalili (for use on the moon!), the system can be used to create inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and very beautiful buildings.

      The completed earthbag structure is typically plastered inside and out, protecting the bags from ultraviolet (UV) degradation and wear and tear. As with all earthen construction, earthbag buildings provide excellent thermal mass properties, but not much in the way of insulation value. Earthbag building can be used for interior elements for straw bale homes, or to continue bale-like forms in exterior and landscaping elements.

      Cordwood Masonry/Stackwall

      While many builders pursuing minimal environmental impacts avoid the use of milled lumber, cordwood masonry construction makes use of “junk wood” that would otherwise be ignored. Firewood, deadfall, logging remains, and even construction scraps can be used, as can trees harvested to thin forests producing lumber. The wood is typically cut into 24-inch lengths and laid transversely in the wall, with mortar filling the spaces on both the interior and exterior. The spaces between the logs in the middle of the wall are insulated with loose fill, often a treated sawdust. The system can create strong, beautiful, load-bearing walls with good insulation and thermal mass properties.

      2.3: Rammed-earth building.

      It has also often been used in conjunction with straw bale walls, typically to create the lower portion of a wall that then continues with straw bale. Recent developments in the use of earth-based mortars have made the system even more environmentally friendly.

      Light Clay-straw

      In this building style, loose straw is coated in a thin clay slip and then packed into forms to create a nonstructural insulation. Popular for retrofitting buildings in an environmentally friendly way, light clay-straw is also used in new wood framed structures. Inexpensive, easy, and using very low-impact materials, light clay-straw is often incorporated into straw bale structures as interior walls and as an insulative fill in areas of the wall where a straw bale does not easily fit.

      2.4: Earthbag building.

      2.5: Cordwood (or “stackwall”) house.

      2.6: Straw/clay packed between wood studs.

      Hempcrete

      A mixture of finely chopped hemp stalks and hydraulic lime, hempcrete can provide an insulative fill for walls framed in a variety of ways (timber framing, stud framing, etc.).

      2.7: Hempcrete porch.

      2.8: Papercrete vault.

      Light, fireproof, and long-lasting with an excellent R-value, hempcrete can be its own building system, or complement a straw bale structure as insulative fill in awkward cavities, as entire interior or exterior walls, or as a thick plaster. Certain mixes of hempcrete have the potential to replace insulated concrete foundations.

      Papercrete and Fidobe

      Similar to hempcrete,

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