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       1 The Un-science of Modern Medicine

      It’s comforting in life to have certainties. One of the cosiest of certainties we’ve grown up with is that modern medicine works miracles and doctors cure diseases. In the stories we tell ourselves, Dr Kildare, Marcus Welby, Dr Finlay, clad in symbolically pure white, engage in the business, all day, every day, of saving lives. And even though more people die in our modern-day equivalents like ER and Casualty, those doctors in the emergency room still have gadgets capable of raising the dead.

      Our greatest certainty about medicine is that it is a lofty and reputable science, arrived at by scientists in laboratories by exhaustive testing and review. We proudly point to the fact that science has progressed and triumphed over chaos and darkness, over the time when doctors didn’t even know that they had to wash their hands.

      Since the Second World War, and the discovery of the two great miracle drugs of this century – penicillin and cortisone – medicine has indeed worked miracles. People who would have died from hormone-related deficiencies such as Addison’s disease, and life-threatening infections such as pneumonia or meningitis, can now recover easily and return to normal lives. Most of the great medical discoveries – painless surgery, antiseptic hospital environments, x-rays – only discovered in the last century, have given us in the West the best emergency medicine in the world. If you have an unforeseen heart attack, an operable brain tumour, a near fatal car accident, an emergency in childbirth, then Western medicine, with its array of space-age gadgetry, is without parallel for sorting you out. If a building ever falls on me, I’d like all the very latest in Western gee-whizz technology to put me back together. Indeed, if it hadn’t been for 20th-century drugs, my mother would have died in her early twenties and I never would have been born.

      It was also these discoveries during the Second World War, ending abruptly with the ultimate scientific discovery, the atomic bomb, which left us with a great expectancy about science. The aftermath of victory was also the dawning of the scientific age of medicine. Science had helped us to conquer our human enemies. Now it would do battle with our microscopic ones. We were beginning to conquer space; it wouldn’t be very long, as Life magazine promised my generation in America, before we conquered disease.

      Doctors and medical authorities contribute to this view of infallible medical science. Whenever discussing its own track record, especially against that of alternative treatments, medicine stakes out the moral high ground, flying the territorial flag of established scientific fact. In mounting an attack on alternative medicine, a British Medical Journal editorial self-congratulatingly trumpeted medicine’s ‘record of objective evaluation of claims.’¹

      By the same token, orthodox medicine denounces alternative medicine as not following suit. The Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Pathologists once denounced alternative treatments for allergies as unscientific, warning that ‘until the methods have been evaluated by reputable, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials they cannot be accepted into routine clinical practice.’²

      Our faith in medical science is so ingrained that it has become woven into the warp and woof of our daily routine. In any average day in Britain, a family may place its entire future in the hands of medical advance. For a pregnant mother, the result of prenatal tests may determine whether she carries her pregnancy to term. Her child may be given his vaccine and her husband his blood-pressure lowering drugs on the premise that this medicine will prevent them from getting future disease. Medical tests determine whether we can have children, continue working, have operations, are eligible for insurance, require caesareans, or, as with an HIV test that comes back positive, are shunned as pariahs. It is doctors with their miracle treatments, we believe, who will deliver us from evil, which, these days, is not temptation so much as the frightening randomness of disease.

      But much as we cling to the notion of science as a force of redemption, our faith is misplaced. The truth of it is that medical science actually isn’t working too well. The United States and Britain are losing the ‘War on Cancer’.³ Despite state-of-the-art mammogram screening equipment and surgical techniques, breast cancer mortality rates stubbornly refuse to fall. Despite millions of people following low-fat diets, heart disease is still the biggest killer in the West. With all the fancy chemicals and computerized testing equipment we have to hand, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, cancer – virtually all the chronic degenerative diseases known to mankind – are thriving, and medicine hasn’t affected their incidence one tiny bit.

      One glance at the statistics shows that, except in the case of getting run over or needing an emergency caesarean, orthodox Western medicine not only won’t cure you but may leave you worse off than you were before. In fact, these days, scientific medicine itself is responsible for a good percentage of disease. If you’re in hospital, there’s a one in six chance that you landed there because of some modern medical treatment gone wrong.⁴ Once you get there, your chances are one in six of dying in hospital or suffering some injury while you’re there. Since half this risk is caused by a doctor’s or hospital’s error, you’ve got an 8 per cent chance of being killed or injured by the staff.⁵ At last count, about 1.17 million Britons end up in hospital each year because of doctor error or a bad reaction to a drug. In the United States, if we extrapolate the results of a 1984 study, over one million Americans are being injured in hospital every year, and 180,000 die as a result.⁶ Recently, the Journal of the American Medical Association, the official organ of the primary organization representing physicians in America, recently admitted that doctor-induced disease is the third leading cause of death in America, responsible for a quarter of a million deaths per year.⁷ Dr Allen Roses, the only worldwide vice-president of genetics at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), shocked the world by recently admitting that 90 per cent of his company’s – or any other drug company’s products – don’t work on the majority of patients.⁸ In Britain, the latest statistics are that 10,000 Britons die every year from a reaction to a drug, and one in every 16 patients is put in hospital because of an adverse reaction to everyday drugs – even aspirin. To put the magnitude of the problem in perspective, the entire population of a city the size of Birmingham is put in a hospital bed every year by medical error. If you live in the US, where about 40,000 people are shot dead every year, you are nevertheless three times more likely to be killed by a doctor than by a gun.⁹

      This appalling track record has nothing to do with incompetence or lack of dedication. Most doctors are extremely well-intended, and probably a majority are highly competent in what they’ve been taught.

      The problem isn’t the carpenter, but his tools. The fact is that medicine is not a science, or even an art. Many of your doctor’s arsenal of treatments don’t work – indeed, have never been proven to work,

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