Collins Improve Your Punctuation - Graham King

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logical system.

      Today we think we have a practical blend of both: a system capable of conveying feelings, force, urgency, tension, rhythm and passion while never abandoning its duty to consistency and clarity of meaning.

      Here’s an example of how a sentence might have been written, say, 150 years ago, compared with the same sentence today. The first reflects the natural pauses of speech: it is meant to be heard rather than read. The second is directed primarily to the eye and the mind, rather than to the ear.

       Everyone in the cast knew, that Pamela would wish to be the star performer, and once having achieved that status would look down on the rest.

       Everyone in the cast knew that Pamela would wish to be the star performer and, once having achieved that status, would look down on the rest.

      With the invention and growth of printing, the need for punctuation was inevitable, and publishers have played a vital part in its development. With punctuation, a page of type became more inviting and easier to read, and self-interested publishers ensured that the system was refined and permanent. More than any other group, publishers of newspapers, magazines and books are our punctuation police, the custodians of the language. But publishers are also human and thus prone to sloppiness and error, as the many examples of punctuation bloopers and barbarisms in this book will attest.

      None of us should ever take punctuation for granted!

       Collins Makes Punctuation Easy

      Anyone who reads and writes needs to possess a good working knowledge of English grammar, and that includes punctuation. Any piece of writing will fall apart without the nuts and bolts of punctuation.

      It’s an irony that although the wonderful communicating tool known as English is the second most widely used language in the world today, it is also probably the most abused and misused. During the last few decades millions of British schoolchildren were denied any formal instruction in important aspects of grammar and punctuation.

      Now, as adults, many lack confidence when they come to put pen to paper or finger to keyboard. Fortunately there are signs that near-illiteracy is no longer the fashion, and the urge to improve writing skills (judging from the sales of dictionaries and language books) is growing at a phenomenal rate.

      This book is intended for all those people for whom punctuation is a plague of spots and dots and marks. The role of punctuation in writing good English is demonstrated step by logical, practical step. Hundreds of examples help explain in seconds what hours of former teaching – or the lack of it – never managed to impart.

      And take heart! Somerset Maugham couldn’t handle commas. Jane Austen got her quotation marks in a twist. George Orwell feared semicolons so much he wrote a novel without any at all. The competition isn’t so awesome after all.

       Punctuation for the Birds

      The following passage employs all the punctuation marks used in writing English. They are, in order of appearance: capital letter, italic and bold emphasis, asterisk, semicolon, comma, parenthesis, colon, full stop, double quotation marks, contraction apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, underline, dash, hyphens, possessive apostrophe, square brackets, stroke, single quotation marks, and three-dot ellipsis.

      The habits of the Rook* are very interesting and easily watched; hours can be wasted in early spring observing them as, cawing incessantly, they gather in their rookery to build or repair their large nests in the topmost branches, causing a rain of twigs and sticks to fall on the garden below (and not only on the garden: my brother was almost knocked out after being hit by a branch of Scots pine. “What’s that?” he cried out, obviously dazed. “A tree’s fallen on me!”) and which are never retrieved. Worse, of course, is to be struck by a dead rook – the weak and ne’er-do-wells are executed and expelled from their nests – and anyone blitzed by a half-kilo chunk of solid rook’s meat can say with some feeling [the editor concurs, having had just such an experience/calamity] that walking under a rookery is definitely ‘for the birds’ …

      * And this is a footnote.

       A Victorian Schoolmistress’s 10 Golden Rules of Punctuation

      Sentences begin with a Capital letter,

      So as to make your writing better.

      Use a full stop to mark the end.

      It closes every sentence penned.

      The comma is for short pauses and breaks,

      And also for lists the writer makes.

      Dashes – like these – are for thoughts by the way.

      They give extra information (so do brackets we may say).

      These two dots are colons: they pause to compare.

      They also do this: list, explain, and prepare.

      The semicolon makes a break; followed by a clause.

      It does the job of words that link; it’s also a short pause.

      An apostrophe shows the owner of anyone’s things,

      And it’s also useful for shortenings.

      I’m so glad! He’s so mad! We’re having such a lark!

      To show strong feelings use an exclamation mark!

      A question mark follows What? When? Where? Why? and How?

      Do you? Can I? Shall we? Give us your answer now!

      “Quotation marks” enclose what is said,

      Which is why they’re sometimes called “speech marks” instead.

Units of Space

      Space is a basic form of punctuation. It separates words, sentences, paragraphs and larger units such as chapters.

      Historically, in mediaeval manuscripts and early books, sentences were separated by a variety of decorative devices. But with the advent of printing this labour-intensive practice was dropped in favour of plain spaces: small spaces between words, larger spaces between sentences, and fresh lines – sometimes indented – for paragraphs, as in this book.

      Early capital letters were typically highly ornamented to draw attention to the start of a sentence. Today, although we have dropped the ornamentation, the capital still conventionally serves as a marker for the beginning of sentences and proper names and is also used for several other functions.

      The sentence is about the most common of all grammatical units. We speak in sentences. The most untutored letter-writers among us will use them while ignoring every other form of punctuation. So the sentence seems to be a good place to begin a discussion about punctuation.

       The Unique Nature of the Sentence

      So, what is a sentence? The Oxford English Dictionary’s famous definition was: ‘Such portion of a composition or utterance as extends from one full stop to

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