LITMIR.BIZ

28

III. X. Course Pursued with Pergamus

29

III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus

30

III. X. Course Pursued with Pergamus

31

Several letters recently brought to light (Munchener Sitzungsberichte, 1860, p. 180 et seq.) from the kings Eumenes II, and Attalus II to the priest of Pessinus, who was uniformly called Attis (comp. Polyb. xxii. 20), very clearly illustrate these relations. The earliest of these and the only one with a date, written in the 34th year of the reign of Eumenes on the 7th day before the end of Gorpiaeus, and therefore in 590-1 u. c. offers to the priest military aid in order to wrest from the Pesongi (not otherwise known) temple-land occupied by them. The following, likewise from Eumenes, exhibits the king as a party in the feud between the priest of Pessinus and his brother Aiorix. Beyond doubt both acts of Eumenes were included among those which were reported at Rome in 590 et seq. as attempts on his part to interfere further in Gallic affairs, and to support his partisans in that quarter (Polyb. xxxi. 6, 9; xxxii. 3, 5). On the other hand it is plain from one of the letters of his successor Attalus that the times had changed and his wishes had lowered their tone. The priest Attis appears to have at a conference at Apamea obtained once more from Attalus the promise of armed assistance; but afterwards the king writes to him that in a state council held for the purpose, at which Athenaeus (certainly the known brother of the king), Sosander, Menogenes, Chlorus, and other relatives (—anagkaioi—) had been present, after long hesitation the majority had at length acceded to the opinion of Chlorus that nothing should be done without previously consulting the Romans; for, even if a success were obtained, they would expose themselves to its being lost again, and to the evil suspicion "which they had cherished also against his brother" (Eumenes II.).

32

In the same testament the king gave to his city Pergamus "freedom," that is the —demokratia—, urban self-government. According to the tenor of a remarkable document that has recently been found there (Staatsrecht, iii(3). p. 726) after the testament was opened, but before its confirmation by the Romans, the Demos thus constituted resolved to confer urban burgess-rights on the classes of the population hitherto excluded from them, especially on the -paroeci- entered in the census and on the soldiers dwelling in town and country, including the Macedonians, in order thus to bring about a good understanding among the whole population. Evidently the burgesses, in confronting the Romans with this comprehensive reconciliation as an accomplished fact, desired, before the Roman rule was properly introduced, to prepare themselves against it and to take away from the foreign rulers the possibility of using the differences of rights within the population for breaking up its municipal freedom.

33

These strange "Heliopolites" may, according to the probable opinion which a friend has expressed to me, be accounted for by supposing that the liberated slaves constituted themselves citizens of a town Heliopolis—not otherwise mentioned or perhaps having an existence merely in imagination for the moment—which derived its name from the God of the Sun so highly honoured in Syria.

34

III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus

35

III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus

36

III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus

37

III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War

38

III. IX. Armenia

39

From him proceed the coins with the inscription "Shekel Israel," and the date of the "holy Jerusalem," or the "deliverance of Sion." The similar coins with the name of Simon, the prince (Nessi) of Israel, belong not to him, but to Bar-Cochba the leader of the insurgents in the time of Hadrian.

40

III. III. Illyrian Piracy

41

IV. I. New Organization of Spain

42

III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War

43

In 537 the law restricting re-election to the consulship was suspended during the continuance of the war in Italy, that is, down to 551 (p. 14; Liv. xxvii. 6). But after the death of Marcellus in 546 re-elections to the consulship, if we do not include the abdicating consuls of 592, only occurred in the years 547, 554, 560, 579, 585, 586, 591, 596, 599, 602; consequently not oftener in those fifty-six years than, for instance, in the ten years 401-410. Only one of these, and that the very last, took place in violation of the ten years' interval (i. 402); and beyond doubt the singular election of Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 588 and 599 to a third consulship in 602, with the special circumstances of which we are not acquainted, gave occasion to the law prohibiting re-election to the consulship altogether (Liv. Ep. 56); especially as this proposal must have been introduced before 605, seeing that it was supported by Cato (p. 55, Jordan).

44

III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries

45

III. XI. Festivals

46

IV. I. General Results

47

III. XII. Results

48

I. XIII. Landed Proprietors

49

It was asserted even then, that the human race in that quarter was pre-eminently fitted for slavery by its especial power of endurance. Plautus (Trin. 542) commends the Syrians: -genus quod patientissitmum est hominum-.

50

III. XII. Rural Slaves ff., III. XII. Culture of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle

51

III. XII. Pastoral Husbandry

52

III. I. The Carthaginian Dominion in Africa

53

The hybrid Greek name for the workhouse (-ergastulum-, from —ergaszomai—, after the analogy of -stabulum-, -operculum-) is an indication that this mode of management came to the Romans from a region where the Greek language was used, but at a period when a thorough Hellenic culture was not yet attained.

54

III. VI. Guerilla War in Sicily

55

III. XII. Falling Off in the Population

56

IV. I. War against Aristonicus

57

IV. I. Cilicia

58

Even now there are not unfrequently found in front of Castrogiovanni, at the point where the ascent is least abrupt, Roman projectiles with the name of the consul of 621: L. Piso L. f. cos.

59

II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws

60

III. I. Capital and Its Power in Carthage

61

II. III. Influence of the Extension of the Roman Dominion in Elevating the Farmer-Class

62

III. XI. Assignations of Land

63

II. II. Public Land

64

III. XII. Falling Off of the Population

65

IV. II. Permanent Criminal Commissions

66

III. XI. Position of the Governors

67

III. IX. Death of Scipio

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III. XI. Reform of the Centuries

69

III. VII. Gracchus

70

IV. I. War against Aristonicus

71

IV. I. Mancinus

72

II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws

73

II. III. Its Influence in Legislation

74

IV. I. War against Aristonicus

75

II. III. Attempts at Counter-Revolution

76

This fact, hitherto

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