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■ Data set E has no field for a middle initial.

       ■ Data set F stores transaction numbers but not customer IDs.

       ■ Data set G does not include in‐page actions, only clicks.

       ■ Data set H stores a smartphone's IMEI or MEID number rather than its phone number.

       ■ Data set I is missing a significant number of values.

       ■ Data set J uses a different scale of measurements.

       ■ Data set K, and so on.

      It's easy to see how much work goes into data cleansing and normalization. This seems to be a natural challenge for a machine learning application.

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      1

      “Improving Our Ability to Improve,” http://www.almaden.ibm.com/coevolution/pdf/engelbart_paper.pdf.

      2

      “How to Get the Best Deep Learning Education for Free,” http://www.topbots.com/artificial‐intelligence‐deep‐learning‐education‐free.

      3

      “24 Uses of Statistical Modeling (Part II),” http://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/24‐uses‐of‐statistical‐modeling‐part‐ii.

      4

      “The Discipline of Machine Learnin

1

“Improving Our Ability to Improve,” http://www.almaden.ibm.com/coevolution/pdf/engelbart_paper.pdf.

2

“How to Get the Best Deep Learning Education for Free,” http://www.topbots.com/artificial‐intelligence‐deep‐learning‐education‐free.

3

“24 Uses of Statistical Modeling (Part II),” http://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/24‐uses‐of‐statistical‐modeling‐part‐ii.

4

“The Discipline of Machine Learning,” http://www.cs.cmu.edu/∼tom/pubs/MachineLearning.pdf.

5

http://www.mckinsey.com/business‐functions/mckinsey‐analytics/our‐insights/the‐age‐of‐analytics‐competing‐in‐a‐data‐driven‐world.

6

Source: http://www.mckinsey.com/business‐functions/mckinsey‐analytics/our‐insights/the‐age‐of‐analytics‐competing‐in‐a‐data‐driven‐world.

7

Source: Personal interview.

8

“The History of Artificial Intelligence,” http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/projects/history‐ai.pdf.

9

“An Executive's Guide to Cognitive Computing,” http://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/articles/big‐data/executives‐guide‐to‐cognitive‐computing.html.

10

“DeepStack: Expert‐Level Artificial Intelligence in No‐Limit Poker,” https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01724.

11

EU GDPR Portal, http://www.eugdpr.org.

12

“9 Artificial Intelligence Stats that Will Blow You Away,” http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2016/12/10/artificial‐intelligence‐stats‐that‐will‐blow‐away.html.

13

“Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.

14

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.

15

“Machine Learning Will Revolutionize Market Segmentation Practices,” January 2017, http://www.idgconnect.com/view_abstract/41712/machine‐learning‐will‐revolutionize‐market‐segmentation‐practices.

16

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology‐30290540.

17

“Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence,” http://futureoflife.org/background/benefits‐risks‐of‐artificial‐intelligence/.

18

“The AI Revolution: Our Immortality or Extinction,” http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial‐intelligence‐revolution‐2.html.

19

“Autonomous Weapons: An Open Letter from AI & Robotics Researchers,” http://futureoflife.org/open‐letter‐autonomous‐weapons.

20

https://openai.com/about.

21

“Safely Interruptible Agents,” http://intelligence.org/files/Interruptibility.pdf.

22

Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society, https://www.partnershiponai.org/.

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