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working fluid from the environment is limited.

      3. Pitting corrosion is the least damaging form of corrosion.

      6 . Translate the following text. What is its main idea?

      Crevice corrosion is an intense local attack within crevices or shielded areas on metal surfaces exposed to corrosive solutions. It is characteristically encountered with metals and alloys which rely on a surface oxide film for corrosion protection, e.g., stainless steels, titanium, aluminum, etc. The crevices can be inherent in the design of the equipment (e.g., plate heat exchangers) or inadvertently created by a bad design. Crevice corrosion can be initiated at metal to nonmetallic sealing faces. Any non-metallic material which is porous and used as a gasket, for example, is particularly good (or bad!) for initiating this form of attack. Fibrous materials which have a strong wicking action are notorious in their ability to initiate crevice attack. Similarly, materials which have poor stress relaxation characteristics, i.e., have little or no ability to recover their original shape after being deformed, are also crevice creators – as are materials which tend to creep under the influence of applied loads and/or at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, elastomeric materials are particularly good insofar as they exhibit elastic recovery and have the ability to form a crevice-free seal. However, at elevated temperatures, rubbers may harden. In this condition, they suffer the deficiencies of nonelastomeric gasketing materials.

      Artificial crevices can also be created by the deposition of scale from one of the process streams to which the metal is exposed. It is necessary, therefore, to maintain food processing equipment in a scale-free condition – especially on surfaces exposed to service fluids such as hot/cold water, cooling brines, etc. – which tend to be overlooked during plant cleaning operations.

      7 . Read the text. What is its main idea?

      Металлы и сплавы могут разрушаться под действием химического (химическая коррозия), электрохимического (электрохимическая коррозия) и механического (эрозия) воздействий внешней среды.

      Способность металла сопротивляться коррозионному воздействию среды называют коррозионной стойкостью.

      Коррозия металла или сплава происходит, как правило, на границе раздела фаз, т. е. на границе соприкосновения твердого вещества с газом или жидкостью.

      Коррозионные процессы подразделяются на следующие виды: по механизму взаимодействия металла со средой; по виду коррозионной среды; по виду коррозионных разрушений поверхности; по объему разрушенного металла; по характеру дополнительных воздействий, которым подвергается металл одновременно с действием коррозионной среды.

      По механизму взаимодействия металла со средой различают химическую и электрохимическую коррозию.

      Коррозию, протекающую под влиянием жизнедеятельности микроорганизмов, относят к биологической коррозии, а протекающую под действием радиоактивного излучения – к радиационной коррозии.

      По виду коррозионной среды, участвующей в коррозионном разрушении металла или сплава, различают коррозию в жидкостях неэлектролитах, коррозию в растворах и расплавах электролитов, газовую, атмосферную, подземную (почвенную) коррозию, коррозию блуждающим током и др. (From bibliotekar.ru/spravochnik-33).

      8 . Work in pairs. Interpret the following passage sentence by sentence.

      Much research has been done on the geometry of crevices and the influence on the propensity for the initiation of crevice corrosion. However, in practical terms, crevice corrosion usually occurs in openings a few tenths of a millimeter or less, and rarely is encountered where the crevice is greater than 2 mm.

      Until the 1950s, crevice corrosion was thought to be due to differences in metal ion or oxygen concentration within the crevice and its surroundings. While these are factors in the initiation and propagation of crevice corrosion, they are not the primary cause.

      Current theory supports the view that through a series of electrochemical reactions and the geometrically restricted access into the crevice migration of cations – chloride ions in particular – occurs. This alters the environment within, with a large reduction on pH and an increase in the cations by a factor as much as ten. The pH value can fall from a value of seven in the surrounding solution to as low as two within the crevice. As corrosion is initiated, it proceeds in an autocatalytic manner with all the damage and metal dissolution occurring within the crevice. Corrosion results in significant loss of metal under the surface of site of initiation. As a result, deep and severe cutting of the metal occurs.

      9 . Give English equivalents to the following word combinations and learn them by heart:

      сопротивляться коррозионному воздействию среды

      металлы и сплавы

      коррозионное разрушение поверхности

      объем разрушенного металла

      расплавы электролитов

      действие радиоактивного излучения

      жизнедеятельность микроорганизмов

      радиационная коррозия

      10 . Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations and learn them by heart:

      chloride ions

      oxygen concentration

      electrochemical reactions

      wall thickness of a metal

      wet corrosion

      corrosion resistance

      nonelectrolyte

      ground corrosion

      11 . Translate the following sentences into Russian.

      1. Uniform corrosion is considered the form of corrosion that can be tolerated in marine structures and equipment.

      2. Crevice corrosion occurs at places with gaskets, bolts and lap joints where crevice exists.

      3.

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