Awọn eniyan Afirika - Андрей Тихомиров

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ni ọdun 146 BC. e. lori aaye ti ilu Carthaginian, ti tẹdo ni apa ariwa iwọ-oorun ti Tunisia ode oni. Ni akoko ti Ijọba Ottoman, Afirika jẹ ti awọn agbegbe ile-igbimọ ati ti ijọba ijọba kan. Awọn akoko ti awọn Empire ti wa ni characterized nipasẹ awọn Gbil ti awọn ilu eto. Awọn ilu gba awọn ẹtọ ti awọn ileto ati awọn agbegbe. Awọn ti ako Layer ni awọn ilu wà Roman colonists ati awọn Romanized Gbajumo ti agbegbe olugbe. Ni aṣa, lakoko Ijọba, agbegbe ti Afirika ṣe ipa nla. Bí ó ti wù kí ó rí, àwọn olùgbé ìgbèríko ìbílẹ̀ ṣì jẹ́ àjèjì sí èdè Latin àti àṣà Romu. Ni awọn 4th-5th sehin. ó wá di ẹkùn ìpínlẹ̀ títóbi jù lọ ti àwọn ẹrú àti àwọn òpó, èyí tí ó sọ Ilẹ̀ Ọba Róòmù di aláìlágbára púpọ̀ tí ó sì ṣèrànwọ́ fún ìṣubú rẹ̀. Ni 5th c. Vandals gbe ni Afirika. Ni 6th c. Olú-ọba Byzantine Justinian ṣakoso lati pada si eti okun, ṣugbọn agbara Byzantium jẹ ẹlẹgẹ. Ni awọn 7th orundun Awọn Larubawa ṣẹgun agbegbe Afirika.

      Ni Ariwa Afirika, pada ni 1st egberun BC. e. ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede olominira wa: Carthage, ti awọn aṣikiri ti Finisiani da, ti o sọ ede Semitic ti o sunmọ Heberu, Mauritania ati Numidia, ti awọn ara Libya da. Ni atẹle iṣẹgun ti Carthage nipasẹ awọn ara Romu ni 146 BC. e. wọnyi ipinle, lẹhin a abori Ijakadi, di Roman ini. Awọn ọgọrun ọdun diẹ ṣaaju akoko tuntun, idagbasoke ti awujọ kilasi bẹrẹ lori agbegbe ti Etiopia ode oni. Ọkan ninu awọn ipinlẹ ti o dagbasoke nibi – Aksum – de ibi giga rẹ ni ọrundun kẹrin BC. n. e., Nigbati awọn ohun-ini rẹ ni iwọ-oorun ti de orilẹ-ede Meroe ni afonifoji Nile, ati ni ila-oorun – "Arabia Ayọ" (Yemen ode oni). Ni awọn II egberun odun ati. e. Awọn ipinlẹ ti o lagbara ti ni idagbasoke ni Iwọ-oorun Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai ati Bornu); Lẹ́yìn náà, wọ́n dá àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ sílẹ̀ ní etíkun Guinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ), ìwọ̀ oòrùn Adágún Chad (ipinlẹ̀ àwọn ará Hausa) àti ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè ilẹ̀ Áfíríkà.

      Awọn ede ti awọn eniyan ti Tropical Africa, ti ngbe guusu ti idile Semitic-Hamitic, ni igbagbogbo ni idapo si awọn idile meji: Niger (Congo) -Kordofan ati Nilo-Saharan. Ẹgbẹ Niger-Kordofanian pẹlu ẹgbẹ Niger-Congo – ọpọlọpọ julọ ati awọn ẹgbẹ isokan: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo ati Adamawa-Eastern. Awọn eniyan Oorun Atlantic pẹlu awọn eniyan Fulbe nla ti o ngbe ni awọn ẹgbẹ ọtọtọ ni fere gbogbo awọn orilẹ-ede ti Iwọ-oorun ati Central Sudan, Wolof ati Serep (Senegal), ati awọn miiran. Awọn oke ti awọn odo Senegal ati Niger (Guinea, Mali, ati bẹbẹ lọ. ), awọn eniyan ti Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, ati bẹbẹ lọ) – ni Burkina Faso, Ghana ati awọn orilẹ-ede miiran. Awọn eniyan Kwa ni awọn eniyan nla ti o wa ni etikun Guinea gẹgẹbi awọn Yoruba ati Ibo (Nigeria), Akan (Ghana) ati Ewe (Benin ati Togo); ti o sunmọ Ewe ni awọn ipilẹṣẹ, ti o ngbe ni guusu ati pe nigba miiran a npe ni Dahomeans; ipo ti o ya sọtọ ni diẹ ti tẹdo nipasẹ awọn eniyan ti o sọ awọn ede (tabi awọn ede-ede) ti Kru. Iwọnyi ni Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn ati awọn eniyan miiran ti ngbe ni Liberia ati Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). Ẹgbẹ-ẹgbẹ Benue-Congo jẹ idasile nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn eniyan, ti a sọ tẹlẹ si idile Bantu pataki kan ati ẹgbẹ Bantu ti Ila-oorun. Awọn eniyan Bantu, ti o jẹ isokan ni awọn ofin ede ati aṣa, ngbe awọn orilẹ-ede ti Central ati apakan Ila-oorun ati Gusu Afirika (Democratic Republic of the Congo (eyi ti o jẹ Zaire tẹlẹ), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, ati bẹbẹ lọ). Bantu ti pin nipasẹ awọn onimọ-ede si awọn ẹgbẹ 15: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, ati bẹbẹ lọ; 2nd -teke, mpongwe, kele; 3rd – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; 4th – Rwanda, rundi; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6th-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7th – Swahili, togo, hehe; 8th – Kongo, ambundu; 9th-chokwe, luena; 10-luba; 11-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12th – Malawi 13th – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14th – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

      Awọn ede Bantu tun jẹ sọ nipasẹ awọn ẹgbẹ ti Pygmies of the Congo Basin (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, ati bẹbẹ lọ), nigbagbogbo ṣe iyatọ bi awọn eniyan lọtọ. Láàárín Bantus ìlà-oòrùn àti àárín gbùngbùn orílẹ̀-èdè náà, èdè Swahili, tí ó ti ní ìrírí àkíyèsí ti Lárúbáwá, ti gbilẹ̀ ní àwọn ẹ̀wádún àìpẹ́ yìí, iye àwọn tí ń sọ ọ́ jẹ́ 60 mílíọ̀nù (àwọn ènìyàn Swahili jẹ́ mílíọ̀nù 1.9). Adaua, ẹgbẹ-ẹgbẹ ila-oorun, pẹlu Azande, Cham-Ba, Banda, ati awọn miiran ti ngbe ni Central ati Ila-oorun Sudan.

      Ẹgbẹ Kordofan, ti o kere pupọ ni nọmba ati agbegbe, pẹlu awọn eniyan Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi ati Katla (Republic of Sudan).

      Idile Nilo-Saharan jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ awọn ẹgbẹ: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, ati awọn eniyan meji ti o ya sọtọ ni ede Maba ati Fun (Fur). Songhai pẹlu Songhai ti o yẹ, ati Djerma ati Dandy, ti o ngbe ni awọn bèbe ti aarin awọn arọwọto Niger; si ẹgbẹ Saharan – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) ati zagava, ti o ngbe ni eti okun ti Lake Chad ati ni Central Sahara. Ẹgbẹ Shari-Nil ti o ṣe pataki julọ ninu idile yii pẹlu awọn eniyan Ila-oorun Sudan (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, tabi Nubians, ati bẹbẹ lọ), eyiti o wa tẹlẹ ninu idile Nilotic ominira; Awọn eniyan Central Sudanese (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta ati awọn eniyan Kunama. Awọn eniyan ti ẹgbẹ yii n gbe ni ariwa ti Zaire ati ni guusu ti Sudan. Awọn ede Morumadi jẹ awọn ẹya Pygmy (Efe, Basua, ati bẹbẹ lọ).

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