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      Preface

      Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics explores recent breakthroughs in the exciting new field of micro- and nanofabricated engineered nanomaterials. In addition to spectroscopic characterizations, significant topics for interdisciplinary research, especially in the fields of nanogels, which deal with polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmaceuticals, and medicine are explored, where their small dimensions prove highly advantageous. Nanovaccinology could potentially revolutionize conventional therapy and diagnostic methods due to its superior effectiveness over its macro-sized counterparts in almost all biomedical areas. Strong interest in this novel class of material has driven many studies to discover biogenic production methods and new areas of potential utilization in this area. Therefore, it is important to keep abreast of the development of these biomedical research aspects highlighted in the 19 chapters of this book written in diverse fields of studies, and their emerging applications utilized in next-generation techniques.

      The last few decades have witnessed progress being made in the treatment of chronic human diseases via precise site-specific drug delivery. Infectious diseases are the leading cause of deaths worldwide, having a significant impact on public health and the socioeconomic development of the human population. The serious threat to public health and safety posed by the rapid development of drug resistance by pathogens to currently available therapies, as well as the significant side effects that result from their prolonged treatment, are reviewed throughout this book. In addition, trends and future prospects of tools utilized in nanomedicine and nanovaccinology research for targeted drug delivery are explored as well.

In Chapter 1, a special emphasis is given to the investigations exploring recent achievements of polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, and carbon-based nanomaterials in vaccine delivery systems. The biocompatibility, toxicity, and stability of nanotechnology-based vaccine delivery systems are also discussed. Chapter 2 discusses novel biomedical therapy approaches to nanomedicine and nanovaccine drug delivery tools, which, although relatively new, are transforming biomedical research at a rapid pace. They are critical platforms for controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs to the targeted sites. Chapter 3 is a unique attempt to analyze the possibilities of producing nanovaccines against notorious superbugs that pose a serious threat to humans, as many of the currently available antibiotics are not effective in treating the diseases they cause. Nanotoxoids, liposomes, VLPs, OMVs, etc., are included in some of the approaches to get biomimetic nanovaccines. Their advantages and limitations when compared to traditional vaccines are progressively illustrated.

      Chapter 4 highlights the fact that nanotechnology has accelerated the evolution of newer vaccines that are safe and highly effective in eradicating SARS-CoV2. Simultaneously, nanovaccines have recently been developed in which new drugs can be accommodated through nanoparticle carriers. The similar nanosize of the nano-scaled materials and pathogens ensures optimal trigger response of the immune system, resulting in satisfactory cellular and humoral immunity responses. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles results in enhanced antibody response, improved stability coupled with longer duration drug release and prolonged immunogenic memory. Chapter 5 looks at the usefulness of nanovaccines for treatment of the deadliest diseases, including cancer, tumors, bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, it also provides information about the importance of nanoscience in the invention of various safe, potent, stable, inert and biocompatible drug discoveries.

      Chapter 6 focuses on the current preclinical and clinical trials in nanoimaging and nanovaccines that are applicable to cancer immunotherapy. The recent advances in anti-cancer nanovaccines using nanocarriers constitute a delivery breakthrough expected to play a vital role in improving the stability and immunogenicity of antigens. Chapter 7 demonstrates a novel way of using nanoscale 2C4N crystals against diabetes, fungal, and inflammatory diseases, and for drug analysis with optimization; and gives the order of the lattice with ORTEP. Chapter 8 illustrates the ways in which the presence of aniline in a compound enhances antidiabetic, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activity, which is a novel trend in recent work for nanocrystalline specimen with an IC50 value of 43 nm.

Chapter 9 denotes the recent use of macro- and nanoscale crystals of BGLBMH mainly as a novel antidiabetic agent as well as antioxidant utility with its monoclinic, P2₁/c form of system with band gap of 3.139 eV. Chapter 10 focuses on the organic, crystalline N2MNM4MBH efficacy at a macro/nano-level for drug use in alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes against diabetes. Chapter 11 discusses the use of ZnO nanoparticles from Mangifera indica as ZnO-MIZN for E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus inhibition zones in mm and for novel biouse as antibiotic and antidiabetic agents. Chapter 12 discusses the novel use of 2F5NA crystals in nanotube production, and antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory interactive lattice with HF/B3LYP.

      Chapter

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