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7.1 Structure of perovskite with formula ABO₃.Figure 7.2 (a) UV-Vis DRS spectra of BFO nanoparticles synthesized at 500°C showing absorption...Figure 7.3 PXRD pattern of La doped BFO (reproduced from ref. no. [105]).Figure 7.4 FESEM images of (a) pure BFO, (b–d) Sm (10%), and Co (5%, 10%, 15%) c...Figure 7.5 XPS spectra of (a) Bi 4f, (b) Fe 2p, (c) O 1s, and (d) Gd 4d of Gd do...Figure 7.6 (a) UV-Vis DRS spectra of Gd doped BFO with inset showing band gaps of pure and doped BFO...Figure 7.7 (a) RhB degradation efficiency of pure and Gd doped BFO (reproduced from ref. no. [109])...Scheme 7.2 Type I, type II, and type III semiconductor heterojunctions.Figure 7.8 (a) Pore diameters (b) TS-SPV responses of T/P-BFO and P-BFO (reprodu...Figure 7.9 (a) UV−vis DRS of BFO, CeO₂, MCeO₂, MCeO₂−BFO...Figure 7.10 Mechanism for photodegradation of NFX over symmetric double Z-scheme...Figure 7.11 (i) Electrochemical impedance spectra of (a) BiFeO₃ and...Figure 7.12 (a) Narrow S-shaped magnetic hysteresis loops of BFO...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Schematic illustration of a perovskite with the general chemical form...Figure 8.2 Periodic table showing different cations and oxygen used for A and B ...Figure 8.3 Synthesis of ZnTiO₃ using self-assembly method [48].Figure 8.4 Mechanism for photocatalytic production of charge carrier at the surf...Figure 8.5 Presentation of designing, engineering of electronic band structure and absorption...Figure 8.6 (a) SEM image of hexagonal ZnTiO₃ calcined at 800°C for 3 hours...Figure 8.7 TEM images of (a) pristine ZnTiO₃, (b) 2% La-doped...Figure 8.8 The photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye in the presence of 2% La-do...Figure 8.9 (a and b) TEM and HR-TEM images of pristine ZnTiO₃, (c) TEM image of ...Figure 8.10 Photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye at different calcined temperature in the presence...Figure 8.11 Photocatalytic degradation of CV in the presence of (a) pristine and (b) different...Figure 8.12 Photocatalytic degradation of RhB in the presence of (a) pristine and (b) different...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Pictorial representation of (a) Gustav Rose, discoverer (b) perovskit...Figure 9.2 Types of perovskites materials.Figure 9.3 Ideal structure of CaTiO₃ (designed by materials project software).Figure 9.4 Orthorhombic GdFeO₃-type structure when “t” is less than unity.Figure 9.5 BaTiO₃ structure (drawn by Materials Project software).Figure 9.6 Showing three phases of BaTiO₃ structure where O₆ octahedra surrounde...Figure 9.7 The cobaltite GdBaCo₂O_5.5 has a perovskite related structure were Ba ...Figure 9.8 Structures of selected Dion-Jacobson perovskites (CsCa₂Nb₃O₁₀).Figure 9.9 Structures of selected Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀).Figure 9.10 Schematic representation of the structure of the Aurivillius compoun...Figure 9.11 Crystal structure of the n = 4 Aurivillius phase BaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅.Figure 9.12 Schematic illustration of n = 1, 2, n = 2, 3 and n = 3, 4 mixed laye...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Crystal structures of (a) cubic, (b) tetragonal, and (c) orthorhombi...Figure 10.2 Crystal structures of (a) FAPbI₃, (b) CsGeI₃, and (c) CsPbBr₃.Figure 10.3 (a) Fabrication process of perovskite solar cells. (b) Photograph an...Figure 10.4 (a) X-ray diffraction profiles of as-deposited and annealed thin films...Figure 10.5 (a) Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image of perovskite solar cell...Figure 10.6 (a) HRTEM image and (b) (100)-projected cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃...Figure 10.7 (a) Model of interfacial structure. (b) Energy level diagram of perovskite solar cell...Figure 10.8 (a) Current density–voltage properties of the present devices...Figure 10.9 (a) X-ray diffraction profiles of CH₃NH₃PbI_3-xCl_x. (b) Enlarged prof...Figure 10.10 (a) SEM image of CH₃NH₃PbI_2.88Cl_0.12 device. EDS mapping images of ...Figure 10.11 (a) External quantum efficiency and (b) internal quantum efficiency...Figure 10.12 (a) Photoconversion efficiencies of CH₃NH₃Pb_1-xSb_xI₃ as a function of Sb concentration...Figure 10.13 (a) X-ray diffraction profiles of CH₃NH₃Pb_1-xSb_xI₃ devices...Figure 10.14 Optical microscope images of (a) HC(NH₂)₂PbIBr₂ and (d) HC(NH₂)₂Pb0...Figure 10.15 (a) Current density-voltage properties of SnBr₂ or CsI addition to ...Figure 10.16 (a) Current density-voltage properties of MAPbI₃(Cl) devices with a...Figure 10.17 Optical microscope images of CH₃NH₃PbI₃(Cl) devices containing (a) ...Figure 10.18 (a) Scanning electron microscope image of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃(Cl)...Figure 10.19 EDS profiles of the present devices.Figure 10.20 X-ray diffraction profiles of CH₃NH₃PbI₃(Cl)...Figure 10.21 (a) Current density-voltage properties of the present devices...Figure 10.22 SEM images and elemental mapping images of (a) standard, (b) + CuCl...Figure 10.23 (a) Current density-voltage properties and (b) external quantum eff...Figure 10.24 (a) X-ray diffraction profiles and (b) optical microscope images of...Figure 10.25 Scanning electron microscope images and energy dispersive X-ray spe...Figure 10.26 (a) Schematic model showing the inclusion of potassium into the perovskite...Figure 10.27 (a) Structure of polysilanes. (b) Current density-voltage properties...Figure 10.28 Optical microscopy images of (a) CH₃NH₃PbI₃ solar cells...Figure 10.29 (a), (c) Current density-voltage properties and (b), (d) EQE spectra...Figure 10.30 (a) Optical microscopy images and (b) SEM images with EDS mappings...Figure 10.31 X-ray diffraction profiles of (a) as-prepared MAPbI₃/(DPPS) cells...Figure 10.32 Stability measurements of (a) η, (b) J_SC, (c) V_OC...Figure 10.33 (a) Schematic illustration of microstructures, carrier dynamics and stability...Figure 10.34 (a) Changes of current density-voltage properties of the...

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Types of perovskite structures.Table 2.2 Band gap of different ABX₃ materials [32].

      2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Various perovskite single crystals with their size and functional properties...

      3 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Structure transformations of MAPbX₃.Table 10.2 Crystal systems and temperatures of CsSnI₃.Table 10.3 Measured structure parameters of CH₃NH₃PbI₃.Table 10.4 Measured photovoltaic parameters of CH₃NH₃PbI_3-xCl_x devices.Table 10.5 Measured structural parameters of the present perovskite compounds.Table 10.6 Measured photovoltaic parameters of CH₃NH₃Pb_1-xSb_xI₃ devices.Table 10.7 Measured photovoltaic parameters of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃(Cl) devices.Table 10.8 Compositions and crystal orientations of the present perovskite cryst...Table 10.9 Photovoltaic parameters and orientation indices of the present device...Table 10.10 Estimated compositions and tolerance factors of the present perovski...Table 10.11 Photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cells.Table 10.12 Energy gaps, lattice constants and surface coverage of the perovskit...Table 10.13 Measured photovoltaic parameters and lattice constants of CH₃NH₃PbI₃...Table

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