LITMIR.BIZ

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  Dedication

      5  List of Contributors

      6  Preface An Already Stressed Ocean Is it a Cause for Concern? How Much of a Threat do Plastics in the Ocean Pose?

      7  Foreword

      8  1 Plastics in the Anthropocene 1.1 What Are Plastics? 1.2 Plastics at Present and in the Future 1.3 Ingestion of Microplastics Marine Organisms 1.4 Sustainability of Plastics 1.5 Plastic Manufacturing 1.6 Polymers: A Basic Introduction 1.7 Societal Benefits of Plastics References

      9  2 Plastic Additives in the Ocean 2.1 Function of Plastic Additive Classes 2.2 Functional Additives 2.3 Sources, Transport, and Fate of Additives in the Ocean 2.4 Degradation of Plastic Additives in the Marine Environment 2.5 Detection in the Marine Environment 2.6 Toxicity of Additives 2.7 NIST Disclaimer References

      10  3 Deconstructing the Plastic Soup : 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Methods for Determining Plastic Pollution Sources 3.3 Discussion 3.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References

      11  4 Collection and Characterization of Microplastics Debris in Marine Ecosystems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 MP Sampling 4.3 Sample Processing 4.4 Characterization and Quantification 4.5 Summary and Outlook 4.6 Conclusions References

      12  5 Estimating Microplastics in Deep Water 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sampling Methods 5.3 Spatial Patterns of MPs in Water Columns 5.4 The Export of Microplastics from the Surface Water to the Deep Sea 5.5 Knowledge gaps and conclusion References

      13  6 Marine Litter, Plastic, and Microplastics on the Seafloor 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods Used to Monitor Seafloor Litter 6.3 Sources 6.4 Oceanographic Conditions on the Seafloor 6.5 Accumulation Areas of Litter at the Seafloor 6.6 Importance of ALDFG 6.7 Nature and Distribution of Seafloor Litter 6.8 Microplastics 6.9 Impacts 6.10 Trends and Monitoring 6.11 Management Measures and Perspectives 6.12 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments References

      14  7 Plastics in Freshwater Bodies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Monitoring of Plastics in Freshwater Bodies 7.3 Global Observational Efforts 7.4 Modeling Plastics in Rivers and Lakes 7.5

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