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visible rotating sensor. A summary of the characteristics of the OCT systems is shown in Table 9.1. The Dragonfly OpStar imaging catheter has recently been redesigned with enhanced features. The catheter has a restructured lens for improved brightness and visibility of the EEM and plaque. The lens marker is now immediately proximal to the imaging lens. The newly designed shaft improves pushability through tortuous anatomy and a tapered three‐layer guide wire rail tip assists with lesion crossability. The reinforced guidewire port and straightened guidewire exit improve trackability.

IVUS HD ‐ IVUS Ilumien Optis Lunawave Terumo
Energy wave Ultrasound Ultrasound Near‐infrared Near‐infrared
Wavelegth (μm) 35–80 35–80 1.3 1.3
Axial resolution (μm) 100–150 100–150 10–15 10–20
Lateral resolution (μm) 150–300 150–300 20–30 20
Tissue penetration (mm) 4–8 4–8 1.5–2 1–2
Frame rate (frames/s) 30 30 180 158
Pullback speed (mm/s) 0.5–2 0.5–1 18 or 36 Up to 40
Maximal length pullback(mm)/duration (sec) 10/200 100 54/3 or 75/2.1 Up to 150 mm

      If an angiographic acquisition is performed throughout the pullback, efficient built‐in software is available to follow the imaging tip during pullback and allow accurate matching of OCT with angiographic images. This facilitates accurate ballon/stent positioning during fluoroscopy at the desired sites. The AptiVue software upgrade has new features that will assist in achieving optimization targets as it was designed to follow the ILUMIEN IV protocol (NCT03507777). The software permits automated and rapid determination of stent expansion and apposition. The stent expansion analysis offers two modes: dual and tapered. In both, the stent is automatically detected, rendered, and divided in half to account for natural vessel tapering. It is important to note that all areas should be checked and manually corrected by the operator, when needed, prior to any treatment.

      Artifacts

Schematic illustration of frequent artifacts in optical coherence tomography imaging.

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