Supplier Diversity For Dummies - Kathey K. Porter

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so you can move beyond a cookie-cutter approach to create or build your program to be responsive to the businesses within your community.

      The 1950s ushered in a new era of prosperity in the United States. It marked the end of WWII, which positioned the United States as the world’s strongest military power. One of the benefits awaiting soldiers returning home was the opportunity for entrepreneurship. The Small Business Act of 1953 established the Small Business Administration, commonly called the SBA. The SBA, now recognized as the leading federal agency focused on small-business growth and development, was required to guarantee a fair percentage of public or government-structured contracts to various small-business owners throughout the country.

      The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 expanded services provided to small businesses. Its purpose was to counsel, assist, and protect the interests of small-business concerns in order to preserve and encourage free competitive enterprise. It also ensured that a fair proportion of the government’s total purchases and contracts/subcontracts for property and services were placed with small-business enterprises.

      During this time, the economy was booming, and the bounties of this success were available to more people than ever before. The American economy experienced a shift that created more income for more Americans than in previous decades. This prosperity helped establish a solid middle class and provided the foundation for generational wealth. However, only a portion of society was benefitting from this newfound wealth and financial security. As the economic disparity gap widened, the 1960s were marked with uprisings, protests, and civil rights/Black Power movements within the Black community. This unrest brought new calls for equality and access to economic opportunities for the Black community.

      Over the next few years, several presidents issued key executive orders to address economic issues impacting the Black community — employment, contracting, and entrepreneurship issues. For a while, these orders did quiet the calls for justice and access to economic opportunity. However, subsequent orders continued to be issued, highlighting the fact that this complex issue couldn’t be solved with a one-and-done order.

      The following sections highlight the executive orders that had a direct impact on supplier diversity. They’re the foundation for how it has evolved today.

      

Understanding the context of supplier diversity allows organizations to create a program that fits their culture while addressing the issues of their small business community.

      Executive Order 10925 (1961): Established Committee on Equal Opportunity Employment

      Issued by President John F. Kennedy, this order established the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and included a condition that government contractors “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.” It also gave federal contracting agencies authority to institute procedures against federal contractors who violated their EEO obligations, including contract cancellation, debarment from future contracts, and other sanctions. This order is significant in that it was the first use of the term affirmative action, and it set the stage for future orders that address socioeconomic disparities.

      Executive Order 11246 (1965): Established Requirements for Non-discriminatory Practices

      Issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson, this order prohibited organizations that received federal contracts and subcontracts from discriminating based on race, color, religion, and national origin in employment. In 1967, after outcry from women’s groups, the order was amended (Order 11375) to include sex on the list of attributes. Executive Order 11246 also requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to promote the full achievement of equal opportunity for women and minorities. The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP), part of the Department of Labor, is in charge of overseeing this requirement for all federal contractors and has developed regulations for these contractors.

      Executive Orders 11458 (1969) and 11625 (1971): Economic Entrepreneurial b Equality

      There is a scene in the Lee Daniels movie, The Butler, that shows Washington, D.C., burning after the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968. In that scene Nixon asks his aides what do “they” want? One of the few African American advisers to Nixon told him that Blacks wanted to do business like every other American but were discriminated against in government contracts. That was the supposed seed of supplier diversity.

      Initially, Executive Order 11458 was viewed as a step in the right direction. Unfortunately, the goodwill was short lived because the order didn’t provide language clarifying who can be considered a minority-owned business. This gap left the interpretation of who’d be eligible up to agencies and organizations, so the order had little to no impact on fostering economic inclusion.

      Nixon replaced Executive Order 11458 with Executive Order 11625, which attempted to solve the problem of defining who was eligible for these business programs. The order introduced vague language such as “socially and economically disadvantaged persons” and defined minorities as not just Black people but also Puerto Ricans, Spanish-speaking Americans, American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts. Many felt this language diluted the initial intention of the executive orders, which was to address the need for social justice for Black Americans. Because of an outcry from women’s rights groups, women were also included in this category and would go on to be classified as minority or disadvantaged, a designation that continues to this day.

      Public Law 95-507 (1978)

      On October 24, 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed Public Law 95-507 to amend the Small Business Act and the Small Business Investment Act of 1958. This change made federal procurement contracting more readily accessible to all small businesses. The law PL 95-507 specifies that the government’s policy is to provide viable opportunities to small businesses, small disadvantaged businesses, and women-owned businesses in both its acquisitions and its awarding of subcontracts.

      The executive orders I cover in the earlier section “Looking at Where It All Began” were based on the government’s desire to do something to address systemic economic disparities within the Black community. The orders stated what needed to be done with regard to inclusive hiring and business practices, but they didn’t provide a framework for how it should be done. This vacuum left the field wide open to interpretation, resulting in abuse, fraud, and neglect. Organizations and agencies were left with their own understanding and created programs that they felt worked for them and were reflective of their cultures at the time. For better or worse, the organizations of yesteryear aren’t the culture-centric organizations of today. Not every organization was successful with its efforts. But despite these mixed results, supplier diversity programs forged ahead and began to really take shape during the 1970s.

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