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      Exercises

       1.1 What is biostatistics?

       1.2 What does a biostatistician do?

       1.3 What are three federal agencies that employ biostatisticians?

       1.4 What is atarget population?sample?census?

       1.5 How is the target population different from a sample?

       1.6 What is aparameter?statistic?

       1.7 How is a statistic different from a parameter?

       1.8 How can the value of an unknown parameter befound exactly?estimated?

       1.9 What is a numerical value that is computed from only the information contained in a sample called?

       1.10 What is a numerical value that is computed from a census called?

       1.11 What is a statistical inference?

       1.12 What is arandom sample?cohort?variable?treatment?placebo?statistical model?

       1.13 What can be expected of an estimate of a parameter when the sample size is approximately equal to the number of units in the population?

       1.14 What is the difference between a response variable and an explanatory variable.

       1.15 In a study designed to determine the percentage of understaffed hospitals in the United States, 250 of roughly 7500 hundred hospitals in the United States were surveyed. The resulting percentage of the understaffed hospitals was 41%.What is the target population in this study?Is 41% a statistic or a parameter? Explain.

       1.16 In a study designed to determine the percentage of doctors belonging to the American Medical Association (AMA) who perform pro bono work, the AMA found from a census of its membership that 63% performed pro bono work. The AMA also found from a sample of 1000 members that the average number of pro bono hours worked by a doctor in a year was 223.What is the target population in this study?Is 63% a statistic or a parameter? Explain.Is 223 a statistic or a parameter? Explain.

       1.17 In a Red Cross sponsored laboratory study designed to investigate the average length of time blood can be stored safely in a blood bank in the United States, 20 freshly sampled 500 ml blood bags were monitored over a 6-month period. The results of this laboratory study showed that blood may be stored safely on average for 17 days.What is the target population in this study?Is 17 a statistic or a parameter? Explain.

       1.18 In a study to examine the relationship between alcohol use and Alzheimer’s disease, 500 participants aged 60 and older who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease were selected for this study. The 500 participants were classified into three groups by alcohol use with one group consisting of participants who do not use alcohol, a second group consisted of participants with low or moderate alcohol use, and a third group consisted of participants with high alcohol use. Doctors will use a cognitive test to assess the stage of a participant’s Alzheimer’s disease and comparisons are to be made among the three groups.What is the target population in this study?What are the units of the target population?What is the sample size for this study?Is this an experiment or an observational study?What are the treatment groups in this study?Was randomization used to create the three groups of participants?

       1.19 To study whether vitamin C is effective in shortening

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