Скачать книгу

and Bai, X. (2019). Characterization of trehalose lipids produced by a unique environmental isolate bacterium Rhodococcus qingshengii strain FF. Journal of Applied Microbiology 127: 1442–1453.

      114 Warnecke, D. and Heinz, E. (2010). Glycolipid headgroup replacement: A new approach for the analysis of specific functions of glycolipids in vivo. European Journal of Cell Biology 89 (1): 53–61.

      115 White, D.A., Hird, L.C., and Ali, S.T. (2013). Production and characterization of a trehalolipid biosurfactant produced by the novel marine bacterium Rhodococcus sp., strain PML026. Journal of Applied Microbiology 115: 744–755.

      116 Yagi-Utsumi, M. (2019). NMR characterization of conformational dynamics and molecular assemblies of proteins. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 42 (6): 867–872.

      117 Yakimov, M.M., Giuliano, L., Scarfì, B.V., and Golyshin, P.N. (1999). Characterization of antarctic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria capable of producing bioemulsifiers. The New Microbiologica 22: 249–256.

      118 Zhang, J., Saerens, K.M.J., Bogaert, I.N.A.V., and Soetaert, W. (2011). Vegetable oil enhances sophorolipid production by Rhodotorula bogoriensis. Biotechnology Letters 33 (12): 2417–2423.

       Amro Abd Al Fattah Amara1,2

       1Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt

       2Head of Scientific Publishing office, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt *Corresponding author: [email protected]

      2.1 Introduction

      Figure 2.1 Gum Arabic; the first known biopolymer, its name comes from the Arabic merchants who sold it in Europe. It is still sold nowadays in local markets as big colored transparent granules.

      2.1.1 The Monomer, Polymer and Biopolymer

      Polymer is the generic name for a species of macromolecules which have the unique properties of repeated monomers, a linear or branched backbone or a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers. In contrast, a monomer is a simple compound whose molecules are joined to form polymers. The monomeric constituents of the polymer are responsible for their properties. They either have the same chemical structures, in such cases the polymer is named a homopolymer, or they are different in their chemical structures and the polymer is named heteropolymer. The more monomers with different properties the polymer has the the wider its range of physicochemical and biological activity might be. For example, different proteins consist of different amounts and sequences of 20 amino acids. Repetition of different constituents of amino acids gives each protein its unique specificity.

      2.1.2 The Monomeric Structure

      Why are some polymers nearly inert while other are so dynamic? [15, 16] Why are they different? Why are some of them grouped in a certain ways? It is, of course, because of their structure which depends on their monomeric subunits [17–21]. As an example, protein varies in their monomeric types (amino acids), numbers and location. So, each protein is unique in its structure/function/specificity [22–24].

      2.1.3 Enzymes (Protein Polymers) Building Polymers

      The sequence of polymer building in the cells starts from the DNA and the protein. Life must be started by the existence of many biological and chemical forms including both DNA and protein which are highly complicated polymers, not only in their components, but also in their design and the large amount of information installed which gives one the code and the other the dynamicability. Proteins alone are inactive structures, but if other elements exist (e.g., ions, water, pH, etc.) the requrement that enable them to react as biologically active and dynamic macromolecules with high specific reaction are satisfied.

      Biopolymers are different from the synthetic polymers in two main ways in that they are produced by living cells (produced naturally) and that they can be used by their main producer or by related or different kinds of the living cells (naturally biodegradable: capable of being decomposed). Generally, they belong to the biological system and their polymeric structure, the polymerization steps, and their degradation is done through various enzymatic activities. In other words they are a globally essential part of the biological system, produced by it and also degraded through it. For that it is normal to find a polymer produced by a microbe and degraded by the same microbe. More simply, it is a polymer for us, but it is a food or a part of the cell’s different structures for their producer. Their presence is governed by the biological aspects [25, 26]. As they from the biological system, their elements in most cases (except structures like native foreign protein and the LPS) are compatible with the human immune system [25, 27–31]. In some instances they are named white or green to demonstrate their compatibility with the biological system or their safety to nature [8, 28, 32, 33].

      2.1.4

Скачать книгу