Liquid Crystal Displays - Ernst Lueder

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alt="equation images"/> are plotted in Figure 4.10. Aplot of Isx′ versus λ = πdΔn/a with maxima for equation images is shown in Figure 4.12. By changing Δn we are able to shift the wavelength λ of the maxima, or in other words, we can shift the colour of the transmitted intensity. The birefringence Δn = n|| − n┴ = ne − n0 can be changed by applying a voltage VLC, which gradually tilts the LC molecules in Figure 4.13 forΔε > 0 from the homogeneous alignment in the field-off state to the homeotropic alignment. This effect is called Electronically Controlled Birefringence (ECB). Normally incident light in Figure 4.13 always experiences the same index n┴, whereas n|| changes with the tilt angle Θe(VLC), which depends upon VLC. In Chapter 6, n|| (Θe) will be derived as

      (4.103)equation images

      The dependence of Θe on VLC can be determined from the mechanical properties of the LC material, which is not discussed further here. The result is a voltage-dependent birefringence

      (4.104)equation images

Schematic illustration of the tilt of the L C molecules under the influence of a voltage VLC for D greater than 0.

      Figure 4.12 shows the intensity equation images for the field-free state with Δn(0) in Figure 4.10 and for a Δn(VLC) = (1/2)Δn(0) with dashed lines as an example. Figure 4.9 shows measured transmission curves of an STN display versus λ, with VLC as a parameter.

      1 Bodewig, E. (1959) Matrix Calcules, 2nd ed., North Holland, Amsterdam.

      2 Degen, W. H. (1980) Physical Properties of Liquid Crystalline Materials. Gordon and Breach, London.

      3 Gooch, C. H. and Tarry, H. A. (1974) Optical characteristics of twisted nematic Liquid-Crystal Films. Electronic Lett., 10, January.

      4 Grinberg, J. and Jacobson, A. D. (1976) Transmission characteristics of twisted nematic liquid crystal layer. J. Opt. Soc. A, 66(10).

      5 Nehring, J. and Kmetz, A. (1979) Ultimate limits for matrix addressing of RMS-responding liquid crystal displays. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev., ED-26, (Also Ultimate limits for rms-addressing. In: The Physics and Chemistry of Liquid Crystal Devices, Plenum Press, NY, 1980.)

      6 Rosenbluth, A. E. et al. (1998) Contrast properties of reflective liquid crystal light valves in projection displays. IBM J. Res. Dev. May–July.

      7 Schadt, M. and Helfrich, W. (1971) Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett., 18.

      8 Scheffer, T. J. and Nehring, J. (1998) Supertwisted nematic LCDs. SID Lecture notes to Seminar M-6, vol. 1, May 1998, SID-Symposium in Anaheim, CA.

      9 Specht, J. (2000) Reflektive TN-Displays mit einem Polarisator. Master Thesis, Universitaet Stuttgart.

      10 Yeh, P. (1988) Optical Waves in Layered Media. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

      11 Yeh, P. and Gu, C. (1999) Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

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