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      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Diagram of a modular HPLC instrument. The vertical assembly of th...Figure 3.2 Simplified diagram of a dual‐headed reciprocating pump. From the ...Figure 3.3 Example of a high‐pressure gradient system. The pumps are called ...Figure 3.4 Injection valve for HPLC and an assortment of loops. Left, rear v...Figure 3.5 Injection with a loop. (a) Loading of the loop. In this step, the...Figure 3.6 Standard column and guard column for HPLC. View of the ZORBAX^®...Figure 3.7 Silica gels for HPLC. Solid‐core phases lead to notable improveme...Figure 3.8 Nature of the stationary phase and efficiency. HETP decreases wit...Figure 3.9 The phenomena of adsorption and partition. Adsorption is an inter...Figure 3.10 Evolution of liquid chromatography performance. The four Van Dee...Figure 3.11 Formation of organosilanes grafted at the interface of silica ge...Figure 3.12 Examples of chiral stationary phases used in HPLC. Separation of...Figure 3.13 Strength of solvents used as mobile phases. By mixing several so...Figure 3.14 Relative polarities of several organic compound families along w...Figure 3.15 The separation of sugars on an amine phase. The order of elution...Figure 3.16 Ion pairing effects on a separation with an RP‐18 type column. A...Figure 3.17 Separation on the principle of hydrophobic interaction. The chro...Figure 3.18 Separation using the hydrophilic interaction principle (HILIC). ...Figure 3.19 Photometric detection. Principle of a photometric detector along...Figure 3.20 Chromatograms of a sample containing two compounds A and B whose...Figure 3.21 The diode array detector. Unlike the monochromatic detector, the...Figure 3.22 Three‐dimensional representation, i = f(t, λ), of a chromatograp...Figure 3.23 Fluorometric detector. 1) Diagram of a fluorometric detector. 2)...Figure 3.24 Diagram of a differential refractive index detector. Optical pat...Figure 3.25 Evaporative light scattering detector. In three successive stage...Figure 3.26 Polarimeter detection. Diagram representing the main components ...Figure 3.27 Chromatograms of a separation. The mobile phase is a binary wate...Figure 3.28 Effect of column temperature on a separation. Example showing th...Figure 3.29 Fast chromatography. This example shows that the choice of colum...Figure 3.30 Comparison of flow rates in columns with different internal diam...Figure 3.31 Columns for U‐HPLC. Nanochromatography. Capillary columns, 75 μm...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Diagram of an ion‐exchange chromatograph. The classic modular arc...Figure 4.2 Diagram showing the progression of an anion A⁻ in contact w...Figure 4.3 Separation of several organic acids with a cationic column.Figure 4.4 Stationary phases in IC. Cross‐section of a spherical particle of...Figure 4.5 Anionic phases obtained by solid‐core silica grafting. Nonporous ...Figure 4.6 Phases resulting from polysaccharides. Examples of commercial res...Figure 4.7 Ion chromatograph containing a hydroxide ion (OH⁻) generato...Figure 4.8 Chromatogram resulting in the water peak (1 min) and the system p...Figure 4.9 Chemical suppressor for a cation exchange column. In this example...Figure 4.10 Membrane and electrochemically regenerated suppressors. There ar...Figure 4.11 Ion‐exclusion chromatography. Ions, subject to Donnan exclusion,...Figure 4.12 Analysis of amino acids. Exchange reaction on the column and der...Figure 4.13 Separation of seven anions in less than two minutes.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Automatic sample applicator for TLC and a system to ‘read’ the pl...Figure 5.2 Vertical developing chamber and TLC plate. Left: available in a v...Figure 5.3 Scanning of a TLC plate. The absorbance of a given TLC plate, dep...Figure 5.4 Two‐dimensional TLC. Using two different solvents performed in tw...Figure 5.5 Thin‐layer chromatography/mass spectrometry (TLC/MS). The TLC pla...Figure 5.6 TLC plate micrographics and separation study of four parabens on ...Figure 5.7 Separation of TLC catecholamines in TLC with the ion‐pairing tech...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Phase diagram carbon dioxide. There exists for each pure substanc...Figure 6.2 Dipole moments and Snyder’s empirical scale for several modifiers...Figure 6.3 Diagram of an SFC set‐up using a packed HPLC column. Carbon dioxi...Figure 6.4 Comparison between HPLC and SFC. Both experimental curves have be...Figure 6.5 Effect of pressure in SFC. These two chromatograms [(a) ‐ high pr...Figure 6.6 Example of separation on a chiral column. A blend of two cis/tran...Figure 6.7 Comparison of SFC and HPLC variants. The SFC domain covers the fu...Figure P6.1

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Migration across a stationary phase gel. A chromatogram displayin...Figure 7.2 Comparison of gel permeation and gel filtration. By using a small...Figure 7.3 Comparison of three gel permeation phases.Figure 7.4 Linear calibration curve of a gel permeation column. The column c...Figure 7.5 Universal calibration curve. Illustration of the hydrodynamic rad...Figure 7.6 Viscometric detection. Diagram of a viscometric detector. Four ca...Figure 7.7 90° scattering by using a protein as an example. The combination ...Figure 7.8 Measurement cell of a multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) detecto...Figure 7.9 Migration of a mixture of two macromolecules based on the field f...Figure P7.1

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Zone electrophoresis: principle of a set‐up. (a): each compartmen...Figure 8.2 Capillary electrophoresis. The electrolyte is an aqueous ionic so...Figure 8.3 Movement of analytes in the capillary. Influence of the net charg...Figure 8.4 Electroosmotic flow in a capillary filled with an electrolyte. To...Figure 8.5 An electropherogram of an anion test mixture. Separation of a mix...Figure 8.6 Separation of the principal organic acids in white wine by indire...Figure 8.7 A model of the interface between HPCE and MS. The solutions diffe...Figure 8.8 Separation of neutral analytes by using a surfactant (MEKC techni...Figure 8.9 Comparison of the progression of the mobile phase in HPCE and in ...Figure 8.10 Separation of enantiomers. Comparative study between HPCE and U‐...Figure 8.11 Separation of aromatic hydrocarbons by electrochromatography and...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Three different types of UV/Vis spectra. Spectra of benzene (a) i...Figure 9.2 Energy diagram of a molecule and electronic transitions. Left: th...Figure 9.3 Transitions encountered most frequently in organic compounds. Amo...Figure 9.4 n → σ* transition of aniline (a primary amine). This transition c...Figure 9.5 Donor/acceptor interaction. The absorption of the complex formed,...Figure 9.6 Values of λ_max for a family of E‐disubstituted conjugated po...Figure 9.7 Spectra of benzophenone in cyclohexane (‐ ‐ ‐) and in ethanol (−)...Figure 9.8 The effect of pH upon a solution of phenolphthalein. This compoun...Figure 9.9 The two single‐beam spectrometers configurations.Figure 9.10 Emission curves of a Quartz Tungsten‐Halogen (QTH) lamp and a de...Figure 9.11 Monochromator gratings. (a) Ebert assembly incorporating a conca...Figure 9.12

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