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      Jeffry C. Granados1, Jinghui Zhang2, Guofeng You2, and Sanjay K. Nigam3

       1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

       2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA

       3 Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

      4.1.1 Introduction

      Organic anion transporters (OATs) belong to the largest family of secondary active membrane transporters: the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), which is conserved from bacteria to mammals [1–3]. MFS transporters function as transmembrane uniporters, symporters, and antiporters, and transport a wide range of hydrophilic and amphiphilic substrates, including inorganic ions (e.g., Na+, Cl, HCO3 ), endogenous metabolites (e.g., amino acids, sugars, neurotransmitters), signaling molecules (cyclic nucleotides, prostaglandins), and xenobiotics (drugs and toxins). Within this MFS superfamily, the OATs are members of Solute Carrier 22 (SLC22), a family of solute carriers which currently, in humans, consists of over 30 named transporters expressed in most barrier epithelia in mammals, including the kidney, choroid plexus, blood–brain barrier, biliary tract, intestine, retinal–blood barrier, olfactory mucosa, blood–testis barrier, and others [4]. These structurally similar proteins mediate the partitioning of a wide variety of compounds (e.g., endogenous metabolites, signaling molecules, natural products, endogenous toxins, environmental toxins, and drugs) into these various body fluid and tissue compartments, and they have been categorized based on the specific type of substrate which they transport, as well as sequence homology, including the OATs, as well as the organic cation transporters (OCTs), carnitine transporters (OCTNs), unknown solute transporters (USTs), and fly‐like putative transporters (Flipts) [5–12].

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