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       Hackers (or external attackers) try to compromise computers, sensitive information, and even entire networks for ill-gotten gains — usually from the outside — as unauthorized users. Hackers go for almost any system they think they can compromise. Some prefer prestigious, well-protected systems, but hacking into anyone’s system increases an attacker’s status in hacker circles.

       Malicious users (external or internal attackers, often called black-hat hackers) try to compromise computers and sensitive information from the outside (such as customers or business partners) or the inside as authorized and trusted users. Malicious users go for systems that they believe they can compromise for ill-gotten gains or revenge, because they may have access or knowledge of a system that gives them a leg up.Malicious attackers are, generally speaking, both hackers and malicious users. For the sake of simplicity, I refer to both as hackers and specify hacker or malicious user only when I need to differentiate and drill down further into their unique tools, techniques, and ways of thinking.

       Ethical hackers (or good guys), often referred to as white-hat hackers or penetration testers, hack systems to discover vulnerabilities to protect against unauthorized access, abuse, and misuse. Information security researchers, consultants, and internal staff fall into this category.

       Traditionally, hackers like to tinker with software or electronic systems. Hackers enjoy exploring and learning how computer systems operate. They love discovering new ways to work — both mechanically and electronically.

       Over the years, hacker has taken on a new meaning: someone who maliciously breaks into systems for personal gain. Technically, these criminals are crackers (criminal hackers). These “crackers” break into — or crack — systems with malicious intent. They seek fame, intellectual property, profit, or even revenge. They modify, delete, and steal critical information, and they spread ransomware and take entire networks offline, often bringing large corporations and government agencies to their knees. Don’t get me started on how pop culture and the media have hijacked the word hack, from life hacking to so-called election meddling. Marketers, politicians, and media strategists know that the average person doesn’t understand the term hacking, so many of them use it however they desire to achieve their goals. Don’t be distracted.