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Ivandic Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

      Alexandra Ivanova Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

      Paul Jaques Schlumberger Cambridge, UK

      Christopher Juhlin Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

      Timothy Kneafsey Earth and Environmental Sciences Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

      Juliane Kummerow Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

      Axel Liebscher Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

      Youzuo Lin Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

      Stefan Lüth Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

      Trond Mannseth NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS Bergen, Norway

      Ronald Martinez Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

      Brian McPherson Energy and Geoscience Institute University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

      Sjef Meekes TNO Utrech, The Netherlands

      H. Frank Morrison University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA

      Alan Mur Ikon Science Ltd Houston, Texas, USA

      Seiji Nakagawa Earth and Environmental Sciences Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

      Yuji Nishi Research Institute for Geo‐Resources and Environment Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Ibaraki, Japan

      Ben Norden Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

      Kristy Nowak‐Lovato Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

      Christopher Purcell CNOOC International Houston, Texas, USA

      Etor Querendez Applied Geoscience Group SINTEF Industry Trondheim, Norway

      Anouar Romdhane Applied Geoscience Group SINTEF Industry Trondheim, Norway

      Alessio Rucci TRE ALTAMIRA Srl Milan, Italy

      Sergey Samsonov Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Cornelia Schmidt‐Hattenberger Centre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany Xuefeng Shang Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

      Yee Soong Leidos Corporation National Energy Technology Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

      Lee H. Spangler Energy Research Institute Montana State University Bozeman, Montana, USA

      Sirui Tan Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

      Svenn Tveit NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS Bergen, Norway

      Donald Vasco Energy Geosciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

      Florian Wagner Department of Geophysics Steinmann Institute University of Bonn Bonn, Germany

      Yi Wang Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA and Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China

      Don White Geological Survey of Canada Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

      Robert Will WRG Subsurface Consulting LLC Littleton, Colorado, USA

      Xianjin Yang Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California, USA

      Fengjiao Zhang Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

      Zhifu Zhang Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA and School of Geophysics and Information Technology China University of Geoscience Beijing, China

      Zhigang Zhang Geophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

PREFACE

Geologic carbon storage is the storage of carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, in underground geological formations. This kind of underground storage is emerging as a promising technology for dealing with increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Ensuring safe and long‐term CO₂ storage in different subsurface settings requires site characterization and monitoring during and post‐CO₂ injection. A range of geophysical monitoring techniques can be deployed in this regard, to remotely track subsurface CO₂ plumes and to monitor fracture/fault zones (one of the primary leakage paths), caprock integrity, and mineralogical changes. This book provides a comprehensive reference to different geophysical techniques currently used and being developed for monitoring geologic carbon storage and for assessing their advantages and limitations.

      The book is divided into four parts, three describing different monitoring methods and techniques and one presenting case studies from around the world. Part I contains two chapters on geodetic and surface monitoring techniques, specifically Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and frequency modulated spectroscopy. Part II looks at subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques, including optimal design for cost‐effective monitoring using microseismic networks and time‐lapse active seismic surveys; offset, walkaway, and 3D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) monitoring/imaging; quantifying time‐lapse changes of subsurface geophysical properties; site characterization using multicomponent seismic data; and workflows for determining fluid and pressure effects resulting from a supercritical CO₂ injection in a sandstone reservoir using 4D reflection seismic data and well logs. Part III looks at subsurface monitoring using nonseismic techniques with chapters on time‐lapse gravity surveys; electrical and electromagnetic techniques; electrical resistivity tomography; integrated controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), gravimetric, seismic amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) monitoring; and self‐potential monitoring. Finally, Part IV presents five case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites. The first three are in the United States: the Illinois Basin‐Decatur Project in Decatur, Illinois; Phase III of the Southwest Partnership on Carbon Sequestration in Farnsworth, Texas; and the Southeast Regional Sequestration Partnership project in Cranfield, Mississippi. Two further examples are presented from Europe: the Sleipner project in Norway, and the CO₂ injection project at Ketzin in Germany.

      I thank all the authors for their contributions and numerous reviewers for their careful review of the chapter manuscripts. Appreciation also goes to AGU and Wiley for their support during the preparation and production of this book. Particularly, I thank Dr. Estella Atekwana from the AGU Books Editorial Board and the AGU Publications Director, Dr. Jenny Lunn, for helpful feedback on the manuscript. I also express gratitude to staff at Wiley, including Dr. Rituparna Bose, Emily Bae, Kathryn Corcoran, Poornima Devi, Layla Harden, Karthiga Mani, Nithya Sechin, Bobby Kilshaw, Carol Kromminga, Angela Cohen, Shiji Sreejish, and Bhavani Ganesh Kumar for their support.

       Lianjie Huang Los Alamos National

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