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are for you today, they won't make the list in ten years — not that you still won't be some of those things, but they won't be the five most important things about you. Which is one of the most delicious things available to women, and more particularly to women than to men. I think. It's slightly easier for us to shift, to change our minds, to take another path. Yogi Berra, the former New York Yankee who made a specialty of saying things that were famously maladroit, quoted himself at a recent commencement speech he gave.

‘When you see a fork in the road,' he said, ‘take it.' Yes, it's supposed to be a joke, but as someone said in a movie I made, don't laugh this is my life, this is the life many women lead: two paths diverge in a wood, and we get to take them both. It's another of the nicest things about being women; we can do that. Did I say it was hard? Yes, but let me say it again so that none of you can ever say the words, nobody said it was so hard. But it's also incredibly interesting. You are so lucky to have that life as an option.

      … Whatever you choose, however many roads you travel, I hope that you choose not to be a lady. I hope you will find some way to break the rules and make a little trouble out there. And I also hope that you will choose to make some of that trouble on behalf of women. Thank you. Good luck. The first act of your life is over. Welcome to the best years of your lives.

      HOW SHE DID THAT

      Let the stories do the work

      In the first two-thirds of this speech, Nora Ephron builds connection and credibility with her audience — not by telling them why they should listen, but by showing them. Stringing together a series of anecdotes about her time at Wellesley shows us that she knows of what she speaks. These are well-crafted windows into her experience using the poignant, evocative language of a writer and movie-maker.

      In the full speech (see Sources for details), Ephron recounts the story of the limiting life advice she received from her class dean, saying the dean told her, ‘You've worked so hard at Wellesley, when you marry, take a year off. Devote yourself to your husband and your marriage.' On hearing details such as these, we share in her incredulity. The women graduating in 1996 would have known, of course, that girls could choose what they wanted to be when they grow up — just as much as a boy. In fact, they would have been certain in this knowledge. In typical Ephron style, she reads the room and provides just the right contrast in the form of this anecdote and the advice to devote her life to the proper care of her husband.

      Personal stories do much of the work here. They serve to make the message more fun, more powerful and more memorable than a speech filled with warnings and wisdom — no matter how appropriate. Try using the contrast effect, cleverly demonstrated by Ephron, to bring your point into sharp relief. If you are looking to warn people off a particular choice, you might consider painting the picture of an undesirable outcome, in the form of a story.

      Select a theme and create a structure

      Often a speech is aided by the use of structure. This can help keep the speaker and the audience on track. In this case, Nora Ephron uses a comedic hook, referring to her own time at the college back in the early sixties. Again in the full version, Ephron repeatedly poses the rhetorical question, ‘How long ago was it?', using this to set up a series of vignettes, sharing her memories of how life was in the college for her generation (touching on subjects as diverse as lesbianism, curfews and tuition fees). She returns to this device repeatedly throughout the first part of the speech, and her chosen organising structure is part of what makes this address so easy to listen to.

      Ephron lulls us along with the familiar arrangement of, ‘How long ago was it?' and then, ‘It was so long ago …', setting up a few funny tidbits to follow. She then rather jarringly but purposefully changes the antecedent — and we are jolted into not so funny reminiscences about illegal abortions.

      The lesson is to use familiar language techniques to invite your audiences in. Get them laughing with you and merrily following along before you shift to more serious matters. You can judge where to start and the right notes to hit at the outset by reflecting on the context and expectations in the room. Try channelling Nora Ephron's use of structure and variation of expected speech patterns to make an impact.

      Change gears to land a serious message

      Nora Ephron springboards from her series of amusing anecdotes and interesting insights to arrive at her central point. This is a serious message, and though slightly preachy, it works well in this context. The contrast with the humorous, endearing part of the speech is strong. When she changes gears in this way, her language and pace also shift. This change of pace makes the audience lean forward and listen up. Note the subtle uplift in speed and intensity when she delivers this part:

      Understand: every attack on Hillary Clinton for not knowing her place is an attack on you. Underneath almost all those attacks are the words: get back, get back to where you once belonged.

She goes on, riding the momentum she created, to name a series of insidious and damaging ‘attacks' in the contemporary social and political landscape that may (or may not) have escaped the attention of these ambitious young women.

      Heading towards the conclusion of the speech, Nora Ephron manages to lift the mood. Changing tone again, she shifts to her main piece of advice, one that is empowering and appropriate for the audience and the occasion: ‘Above all, be the heroine of your own life'.

       Then a good woman should be thorough. Thoroughness in a nurse is a matter of life and death to the patient.

       Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale

       Statistician, social reformer and founder of modern nursing

      B: 12 May 1820, Florence, Italy

      D: 13 August 1910, London, England, United Kingdom

       What makes a good nurse

      When: May 1881

      Where: A letter

      Audience: Trainee nurses at St Thomas' Hospital

      The ‘Lady with the Lamp' — Florence Nightingale — is a symbol of care and compassion, making the rounds of wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.

      In 1860 she established a secular school for nursing at St Thomas' Hospital in London and set about professionalising the role of the nurse for women. Her legacy continues in the profession with the Nightingale Pledge and the Florence Nightingale Medal.

      In 1881, in a letter to trainee nurses at St Thomas' Hospital — women typically as young as sixteen — Nightingale set down her advice. Only snippets of her recorded voice remain, so you will have to use your imagination to bring her words to life. Access your best Downtown Abbey–inspired English aristocratic accent, pitch your voice quite high, clip your vowels a little and you've got it. Now imagine yourself in a room full of fresh-faced new recruits — all young women. Florence is at the front, the master-trainer, sharing her wisdom.

Extracts from her advice are included here. Reading this advice today is at once challenging, amusing and infuriating. Parts of this address are likely off-putting — especially all the talk about obedience and what makes a good woman. But if you can contextualise that, and look beyond the anachronistic nature of the language, there is much to recommend Florence Nightingale's advice to young nurses.

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