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      50 Chapter 77Figure 77.1 Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in po...Figure 77.2 Treatment pathways according to the categorisation of fracture r...

      51 Chapter 78Figure 78.1 The 30‐Second Chair Stand assessment.Figure 78.2 The 4‐Stage Balance Test assessment.Figure 78.3 The Berg Balance Scale.Figure 78.4 (a) The walking gait cycle. During double stance, the weight is ...Figure 78.5 The Get Up and Go Test.Figure 78.6 The Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries (STEADI) algor...

      52 Chapter 79Figure 79.1 Classification of hip fractures by Parker and Johansen.Figure 79.2 Intracapsular fracture fixed with three screws.Figure 79.3 Fracture treated with an uncemented Moore hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.4 Fracture treated with a cemented total arthroplasty.Figure 79.5 Bipolar hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.6 Trochanteric fracture fixed by dynamic hip screw.Figure 79.7 Trochanteric fracture fixed by gamma nail.

      53 Chapter 80Figure 80.1 Common foot problems in older people. (a) Onychomycosis; (b) dia...

      54 Chapter 81Figure 81.1 Classical feedback loop between glucose and pancreatic secretion...Figure 81.2 Effects of disease on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, an...Figure 81.3 Effects of aging on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, and ...Figure 81.4 Differences in protein binding of testosterone between young and...

      55 Chapter 82Figure 82.1 Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and its hypothalamic...

      56 Chapter 83Figure 83.1 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of an...Figure 83.2 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of re...Figure 83.3 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...Figure 83.4 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...

      57 Chapter 84Figure 84.1 The follicular content of the ovary determines two different sce...Figure 84.2 The ovary of a young woman, replete with follicles, and that of ...Figure 84.3 The Study of Women Across the Nation found that ethnic origin in...Figure 84.4 The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study found a reduction of 3...Figure 84.5 Trunk obesity increases the release of free fatty acids (FFA) to...

      58 Chapter 85Figure 85.1 Diagnosis of hypogonadism.

      59 Chapter 89Figure 89.1 Algorithm for evaluating and managing prostate cancer in the eld...

      60 Chapter 92Figure 92.1 (a) Cancer incidence rates in men; (b) cancer incidence rates in...Figure 92.2 Guideline for the management of senior adult oncology patients....

      61 Chapter 95Figure 95.1 Matching the complexity of clinical decision‐making to the decis...Figure 95.2 Nausea and vomiting pathways.Figure 95.3 Comparing the course of chronic disease to cancer. The y‐axis is...

      62 Chapter 97Figure 97.1 The pathway from frailty to death.Figure 97.2 The frailty threshold.Figure 97.3 The major causes of frailty.Figure 97.4 The pathogenesis of frailty in congestive heart failure.Figure 97.5 Frailty and diabetes mellitus.Figure 97.6 Frailty and anaemia.Figure 97.7 Schematic view of the biochemistry of sarcopenia.

      63 Chapter 98Figure 98.1 The complex interaction between health status, activity, and par...Figure 98.2 Honda’s experimental Walking Assist Device with Body Weight Supp...Figure 98.3 Rocker‐bottom shoe with an insole.Figure 98.4 Two types of lower limb prostheses are shown, with a solid ankle...

      64 Chapter 100Figure 100.1 WHO ICOPE care pathways. (a) Cognitive capacity care pathways t...Figure 100.2 WHO ICOPE handbook app.

      65 Chapter 101Figure 101.1 The rising prevalence of VHD according to age. Frequency in (a)...Figure 101.2 (a) Transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) demonstrating severe ...Figure 101.3 Chest X‐ray demonstrating pulmonary oedema: cardiomegaly, alveo...Figure 101.4 (a) Parasternal long‐axis transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) de...Figure 101.5 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in aortic stenosis. (a) A na...Figure 101.6 The natural history of aortic stenosis demonstrating a long asy...Figure 101.7 Continuous‐wave Doppler profile in severe aortic stenosis. The ...Figure 101.8 Indications for intervention in patients with severe aortic ste...Figure 101.9 Contemporary transcatheter aortic valve implantation devices: (...Figure 101.10 Selection of an aortic valve management strategy in elderly pa...Figure 101.11 Transthoracic echo views: (a and b) rheumatic mitral stenosis ...Figure 101.12 (a) The Inoue balloon used during percutaneous balloon mitral ...Figure 101.13 Schematic of the carrying aetiologies of mitral regurgitation ...Figure 101.14 Representative echocardiogram images of an elderly patient wit...Figure 101.15 The percutaneous MitraClip device (inset) provides a central t...Figure 101.16 (a) TTE showing vegetations on aortic valve leaflets; (b) TTE ...Figure 101.17 Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis ...

      66 Chapter 106Figure 106.1 Different types of suboptimal prescription.

      67 Chapter 108Figure 108.1 Scheme for a generic healthcare‐enabled Smart Home.Figure 108.2 Four‐layer logical architecture for a Smart Home.Figure 108.3 Properties for a Smart Home to be a u‐Home.Figure 108.4 Man‐in‐the‐middle attack.

      68 Chapter 110Figure 110.1 Histologic changes in elderly skin (H&E 100× magnification). (a...Figure 110.2 (a) Asteatotic eczema. Note the eczematous dermatitis in a dist...Figure 110.3 Bullous pemphigoid. Note the tense bullae and erosions secondar...

      69 Chapter 112Figure 112.1 The 5 Ms framework for care of older adults. In this model, eac...

      70 Chapter 113Figure 113.1 Mortality associated with surgery and anaesthesia.Figure 113.2 Revised Cardiac Risk Index.

      71 Chapter 115Figure 115.1 Mechanisms investigated as the fundaments of the ageing process...Figure 115.2 Effects and proposed mechanisms of physical exercise on cogniti...

      72 Chapter 117Figure 117.1 Participation of older adults in RCTs published in PubMed 1990–...Figure 117.2 Number of RCTs published in PubMed involving the oldest old (ag...Figure 117.3 Number (blue bars) and percentage (orange line) of intervention...Figure 117.4 Primary conditions targeted by the 3520 clinical trials specifi...Figure 117.5 Number of currently recruiting (as of 22/01/2020) trials specif...

      73 Chapter 119Figure 119.1 Estimated and forecast world numbers of centenarians from 1990 ...

      74 Chapter 120Figure 120.1 Palliative care is most effective for patients and their famili...Figure 120.2 The Serious illness Conversation Guide uses a checklist approac...

      75 Chapter 122Figure 122.1 Continuous Quality Improvement Model.

      76 Chapter 123Figure 123.1 The audit cycle.

      77 Chapter 126Figure 126.1 Person–Environment–Occupation–Performance/Participation (PEOP) ...Figure 126.2 WHO ICF model.Figure 126.3 Continuum of geriatric OT services.Figure 126.4 Geriatric OT services.Figure 126.5 Geriatric OT service settings.Figure 126.6 OT process.Figure 126.7 OT assessment and intervention components.

      78 Chapter 128Figure 128.1 Medicare inpatient discharges per beneficiary and outpatient vi...

      79 Chapter 130Figure 130.1 Training structure for medicine in the UK.

      80 Chapter 134Figure 134.1 The whole spectrum of research on ageing.Figure 134.2 Changes in telomere length with cell divisions.

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