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       A History of East Central Europe

      VOLUMES IN THE SERIES

I.	Historical Atlas of East Central Europe by Paul Robert Magocsi
II.	The Early Middle Ages in East Central Europe° by Charles E. Bowlus
III.	East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 by Jean Sedlar
IV.	The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795° by Daniel Z. Stone
V.	Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 by Peter F. Sugar
VI.	The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526–1918 by Robert A. Kann and Zdeněk V. David
VII.	The Lands of Partioned Poland, 1795–1918 by Piotr S. Wandycz
VIII.	The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920 by Charles and Barbara Jelavich
IX.	East Central Europe between the Two World Wars by Joseph Rothschild
X.	East Central Europe since 1939° by Ivo Banac

      °Forthcoming

      VOLUME IX

       East Central Europebetween the Two World Wars

       A HISTORY OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE

       VOLUME IX

      EDITORS

      PETER F. SUGAR

       University of Washington

      DONALD W. TREADGOLD

       University of Washington

      East Central Europe between the Two World Wars

      BY JOSEPH ROTHSCHILD

      UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS

       Seattle and London

      Copyright © 1974 by the University of Washington Press

      Second printing (pbk.), with corrections, 1977

      Eighth printing (pbk.), 1998

      Printed in the United States of America

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Rothschild, Joseph.

      East Central Europe between the two World Wars.

      (A history of East Central Europe, P. F. Sugar and D. W. Treadgold, editors, v.9)

      Bibliography: p.

      1. Europe, Eastern—History. I. Title. II. Series: Sugar, Peter F.

      A history of East Central Europe, v.9.

      DR36.S88 vol.9 [DR48] 914.9s[320.9’49] 74–8327

      ISBN 0–295–95357–8 (pbk.)

      The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. ∞

       For Nina and Gerson

      FOREWORD

      THE systematic study of the history of East Central Europe outside the region itself began only in the last generation or two. For the most part historians in the region have preferred to write about the past of only their own countries. Hitherto no comprehensive history of the area as a whole has appeared in any language.

      This series was conceived as a means of providing the scholar who does not specialize in East Central European history and the student who is considering such specialization with an introduction to the subject and a survey of knowledge deriving from previous publications. In some cases it has been necessary to carry out new research simply to be able to survey certain topics and periods. Common objectives and the procedures appropriate to attain them have been discussed by the authors of the individual volumes and by the coeditors. It is hoped that a certain commensurability will be the result, so that the eleven volumes will constitute a unit and not merely an assemblage of writings. However, matters of interpretation and point of view have remained entirely the responsibility of the individual authors.

      No volume deals with a single country. The aim has been to identify geographical or political units that were significant during the period in question, rather than to interpret the past in accordance with latter-day sentiments or aspirations.

      The limits of “East Central Europe,” for the purposes of this series, are the eastern linguistic frontier of German- and Italian-speaking peoples on the west, and the political borders of Rus/Russia/the USSR on the east. Those limits are not precise, even within the period covered by any given volume of the series. The appropriateness of including the Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Belorussians, and Ukrainians was considered, and it was decided not to attempt to cover them systematically, though they appear repeatedly in these books. Treated in depth are the Poles, Czecho-Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Yugoslav peoples, Albanians, Bulgarians, and Greeks.

      There has been an effort to apportion attention equitably among regions and periods. Three volumes deal with the area north of the Danube-Sava line, three with the area south of it, and four with both areas. Four treat premodern history, six modern times. The eleventh consists of a historical atlas and a bibliography of the entire subject. Each volume is supplied with a bibliographical essay of its own, but we all have attempted to keep the scholarly apparatus at a minimum in order to make the text of the volumes more readable and accessible to the broader audience sought.

      The coeditors wish to express their thanks to the Ford Foundation for the financial support it gave this venture, and to the Institute of Comparative and Foreign Area Studies (formerly Far Eastern and Russian Institute) and its three successive directors, George E. Taylor, George M. Beckmann, and Herbert J. Ellison, under whose encouragement the project has moved close to being realized.

      The whole undertaking has been longer in the making than originally planned. Two of the original list of projected authors died before they could finish their volumes and have been replaced. Volumes of the series are being published as the manuscripts are received. We hope that the usefulness of the series justifies the long agony of its conception and birth, that it will increase knowledge of and interest in the rich past and the many-sided present of East Central Europe among those everywhere who read English, and that it will serve to stimulate further study and research on the numerous aspects of this area’s history that still await scholarly investigators.

      PETER F. SUGAR

      DONALD W. TREADGOLD

      Seattle

      PREFACE

      THE study of East Central Europe between the two world wars is not only intrinsically important for the historical record but is also currently relevant to America’s national concern and interest. The relaxation in the techniques of Soviet control over the East Central European area, and the partial withering of the substance of that control in and over a number of the area’s states, elicit and, in turn, are accelerated by the revival of certain political patterns that had been suppressed during the 1940s and 1950s. The experiences and memories of the interwar period of political independence have

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