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      Founding the Fathers

      DIVINATIONS: REREADING

      LATE ANCIENT RELIGION

      Series Editors:

      Daniel Boyarin, Virginia Burrus, Derek Krueger

      A complete list of books in the series

      is available from the publisher.

      FOUNDING THE FATHERS

      Early Church History and Protestant Professors in Nineteenth-Century America

      ELIZABETH A. CLARK

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA · OXFORD

      Copyright © 2011 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

       www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4319-2

      A Cataloging-in-Publication Record is Available from the Library of Congress

       For Patricia Cox Miller who many years ago attempted to teach me about American history and who since then has taught me much else

      To [the American of the year 2000] the nineteenth century would stand on the same plane with the fourth,—equally childlike,—and he would only wonder how both of them, knowing so little, and so weak in force, should have done so much.

      —Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams

       CONTENTS

       Introduction: Higher Education and Religion in Nineteenth-Century United States

       PART I. THE SETTING: CONTEXTUALIZING THE STUDY OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY IN AMERICA

       1. The Institutions and the Professors

       2. Infrastructure: Teaching, Textbooks, Primary Sources, and Libraries

       PART II. HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

       3. Defending the Faith: European Theories and American Professors

       4. History and Church History

       5. Development and Decline: Challenges to Historiographical Categories

       PART III. TOPICS OF EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ANALYSIS

       6. Polity and Practice

       7. Roman Catholicism

       8. Asceticism, Marriage, Women, and the Family

       9. The Uses of Augustine

       Conclusion

       Appendix: Student Notetakers

       List of Abbreviations and Archival Sources

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      Introduction: Higher Education and Religion

      in Nineteenth-Century United States

      The question is, What is involved in the transformation of a field of studies into a discipline?

      —Hayden White (1982)

      Founding the Fathers explores how the study of early Christian history and theology became instantiated as a discipline in four nineteenth-century Protestant seminaries in the United States: Princeton Theological Seminary, Harvard Divinity School, Yale Divinity School, and Union Theological Seminary.1 Although these four began in differing degrees as sectarian outposts—Princeton, Union, and Yale variously represented the Reformed (i.e., Calvinist) branch of Protestantism, while renegade Harvard “defected” from Congregationalism to Unitarianism early in the century—they functioned for most of this period as America’s closest equivalent to graduate schools in the Humanities.2 I track their hesitant transition from institutions of ministerial training to distinguished centers of advanced education that pioneered scholarship on early Christianity.

      Founding the Fathers is based on the documentary records and published writings of six nineteenth-century professors of church history: Samuel Miller of Princeton; Henry Smith, Roswell Hitchcock, and Philip Schaff of Union; George Fisher of Yale; and Ephraim Emerton of Harvard. Their and their students’ class notes, an underutilized resource, reveal the infrastructural and pedagogical difficulties they faced: inadequate textbooks and libraries, students untutored in history, few colleagues (from zero to four) with whom to organize a theological curriculum, and new methods of instruction that challenged their knowledge and their institutions’ resources. The creation of early Christian history as a scholarly discipline—then little known and even less appreciated—took place concomitantly with academic institution-building in the United States. When Samuel Miller began his teaching career at the Theological Seminary in Princeton in 1813, America had few colleges, a mere handful of seminaries, and nothing that could be called a university. Moreover, “religion” was not an academic subject. During the decades covered in this book, vast changes at all levels of American education were to take place.

      Protestant professors in America used the term “patristics” (if they used it at all) in a much looser sense than did their Roman Catholic or Anglican counterparts in Europe: there, “patristics” denoted a theologically oriented discipline centered on those designated as “Church Fathers,” who wrote from the second to the sixth centuries. It also suggested a heavy respect for ancient ecclesiastical tradition. In America, this book argues,

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