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      Preface

      As the electricity demand increases day by day, the dependence on fossil fuels and harmful emissions that affect health and the environment also increase. So, the best practice to overcome these problems is obtaining energy from the natural resources such as wind, solar, and tide, which are renewable in nature. With the traditional electric setup, it is highly impossible to achieve reliable and efficient power delivery. Thus, a new advanced version or modernization is necessary on the traditional electric grid architecture to overcome such glitches, and the solution is smart grid. The smart grid technology gives a roadmap for efficient, reliable, and clean future electric power delivery and also provides an opportunity for the effective integration of renewable energy sources. The intermittent energy generation of the renewable sources can be overcome by integrating energy storage systems such as battery energy storage system into the power grid. This integration needs a successful coordination between renewable power generation units, energy storage systems, and the power grid. Indeed, this coordination requires robust and innovative controls. The microgrid provides better opportunities for the consumers also to become a producer with highly efficient computing algorithms and triggering techniques. Furthermore, to reduce the stress on power system due to the uncertainty and inherent intermittence of renewable power generation units, the smart grid structure should consist of the main grid and multiple embedded microgrids.

This book starts with an overview of renewable energy technologies, smart grid technologies, and energy storage systems and covers the details of renewable energy integration with smart grid and the corresponding controls. This book provides better views on the power scenario in developing countries. The requirement of the integration of smart grid along with the energy storage systems is deeply discussed to acknowledge the importance of sustainable development of a smart city. The methodologies are made quite possible with highly efficient power convertor topologies and intelligent control schemes. These control schemes are capable of providing better control with the help of machine intelligence techniques and artificial intelligence. The book also addresses modern power convertor topologies and the corresponding control schemes for renewable energy integration with smart grid. The design and analysis of power converters that are used for the grid integration of solar PV along with simulation and experimental results are illustrated. The protection aspects of the microgrid with power electronic configurations for wind energy systems are elucidated. The book also discusses the challenges and mitigation measure in renewable energy integration with smart grid. This book serves to be a better material for the engineers and researchers working on microgrid, smart grid, and computing algorithms for converter and inverter circuits.

      Sincere thanks to authors and reviewers for their best contributions in this book project. We would like to also thank Scrivener Publishing and Wiley for providing us a platform to share our knowledge and view towards sustainable development and renewable energy.

      Sincere thanks to our parents, students, contributors, editor, and the Great Almighty.

      The Editors

      July 2021

      1

      Renewable Energy Technologies

       V. Chamundeswari1*, R. Niraimathi2, M. Shanthi3 and A. Mahaboob Subahani4

       1Department of EEE, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

       2Department of EEE, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Kilakarai, TN, India

       3Department of ECE, University College of Engg. Ramanathapuram, Ramanathapuram, TN, India

       4Department of EEE, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, TN, India

       Abstract

      Most of the people around the world rely on the conventional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, and coal for their energy needs. Because of the fast depletion of these energy sources, there is a current global need for clean and renewable energy sources (RESs). The RESs are derived from natural sources such as the sun, wind, rain, tides of ocean, biomass, and geothermal. These are also referred as endless energy since they are replenished constantly. They are also considered as the most suitable energy sources for the future to achieve sustainable development, because the energy produced from these renewable sources does not harm the environment. In addition, they produce less pollutant while the energy conversion process.

      Keywords: Renewable energy sources, solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal

1. Introduction

Today’s world is completely dependent on energy. As the demand for energy increases day by day and the conventional energy sources are depleting, there is an immediate need for finding out alternative energy sources. Hence, the contribution of renewable energy sources (RESs) in energy generation over the conventional energy sources has been increasing year by year as shown in Figure 1.1. It is because of the reason that, the RESs are readily available and they are also sustainable. The energy from these sources is converted into a usable form and utilized for domestic as well as industrial applications. The renewable energies such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydro, and ocean energy can be converted into more useful energy like electricity. They deliver power with minimal impact on the environment. These sources are typically more green/cleaner than conventional energies like oil or coal. Among all the RESs, solar and wind energy plays a significant role in electric power generation [1]. They can supply power to either gird or isolated AC or DC loads [2]. Hydro energy is the next most used source for electricity generation. Geothermal energy which is produced from the heat of the earth’s crust can also be used for energy conversion. Here, the thermal energy from the inner surface of the earth is converted into electricity. Tidal energy is also effectively utilized nowadays as low tide and high tide plays a vital role in producing electrical energy. All these RESs are discussed in detail in the following sections.

1.1 Types of Renewable Energy

      Renewable energy includes:

      1 Solar energy

      2 Wind energy

      3 Fuel cell

      4 Biomass

      5 Hydropower

      6 Geothermal energy

Figure 1.1 Increasing rate of

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