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and lower lows make the formation obvious to those versed in spotting chart patterns. The slope of the trendlines is what distinguishes this chart pattern from others. The top trendline must slope up and the bottom one must slope down. When one of the two trendlines is horizontal or nearly so, the formation becomes a right‐angled ascending or descending broadening formation. When the two trendlines slope in the same direction, the formation is a broadening wedge.

Table 11.1 Identification Guidelines

Characteristic	Discussion
Appearance	Megaphone shape with higher highs and lower lows. Five‐point reversals have three peaks and two troughs.
Price trend	The price trend leading to the formation should be up. Ignore any overshoot or undershoot within 2 weeks of the pattern's start.
Trendlines	Price is bounded by two trendlines: The top one slopes upward, and the bottom one slopes downward.
Touches	Should have at least five touches, three on one trendline and two on the other, but not necessarily alternating touches. Price passing through a trendline doesn't count as a touch.
Volume	Trends upward most often. Do not discard a pattern because of an adverse volume trend.
Breakout direction	The breakout can occur in either direction and, in several cases, price moves horizontally for several months before staging a definitive breakout.

      Touches. There should be at least five touches of the trendlines: two on one trendline and three on the other, but be flexible. Five (or more) minor high or minor low touches makes for a well‐formed pattern. Fewer touches than five often leads to incorrectly identified patterns.

Avoid counting it as a touch when price slices through a trendline (no minor high or low involved). That's common at the start and end of the broadening pattern. Figure 11.3 shows an example of this on both ends of the bottom trendline. The trendline cuts through price and does not rest on a minor low, so it doesn't count as a touch.

      Page back to Figure 11.1. It shows three minor highs touching the top trendline and four minor lows either nearing or touching the bottom trendline. The minor highs and minor lows need not alternate as price crisscrosses the broadening pattern (but usually do).

      Volume. Linear regression on volume shows it trending up most often. Many times, the volume pattern mimics the price pattern: rising and falling along with price, but the overall trend will be upward. Many times, you can tell the volume trend by dividing the pattern in half and estimating which half has higher volume.

      Breakout direction. A breakout happens when price closes outside one of the trendline boundaries or follows a trendline for an extended time. In the figure, if you extend the top trendline upward, it will intersect price at about 58. That's a long time to wait for a breakout.

When a breakout occurs, I consider the actual breakout price to be the value of the highest peak in the pattern. In the figure, for example, the breakout price is 55.50, or the high at the one‐day reversal. Determining the breakout price is one of the challenges of trading a broadening top.

      For an example of how to apply the various guidelines, consider the broadening top shown in Figure 11.2. At first glance, it looks like a large megaphone with price trends that generally follow two sloping trendlines. The top trendline slopes upward and the bottom one slopes downward, each intersecting the minor highs or lows at least twice, totaling at least five touches.

      Price forms higher highs and lower lows until it breaks out of the chart pattern, closing beyond the line of trend or below turn 5.

      The volume pattern generally rises as price moves up and recedes as price moves down. The figure shows this quite clearly. During the rise in mid‐November, for example, volume jumped upward as price peaked, then just as quickly receded as price declined.

      Figure 11.3 shows a U‐shaped volume trend. Volume is higher in September and December, and lower in the intervening months.

      Orthodox broadening tops and five‐point reversals describe the same type of pattern. They are simply broadening tops that have three minor highs and two minor lows. Figure 11.3, for example, falls into this category. Other than the name, I found no substantial difference between broadening tops, orthodox broadening tops, and five‐point reversals.

      Some analysts say five‐point reversals are bearish indicators, and that the formation predicts a downward breakout. A study of the pattern, admittedly using only 30 samples, suggests this is untrue. Sixteen break out upward and the others (14, but check my math) break out downward. However, the sample size is too small to make a definitive statement.

      Figure 11.2 The broadening top has higher highs and lower lows as the price swings widen over time.

Figure 11.3 A weak example of a five‐point reversal or orthodox broadening top. It has three minor highs and two minor lows composing the five turning points.

Focus on Failures

What does a broadening top failure look like? Figure 11.3 shows a sharp downward breakout day thrust that pierces the bottom trendline on high volume. Since this is clearly below the lower trendline, and coupled with the failure of price to attain the upper trendline (a partial rise), a downward breakout is at hand.

      The downward plunge is like a mountain climber hitting a ledge. Price stalls on very high volume, recovers, and starts climbing again. This is an example of a 5% failure; that is, price breaks out and then moves no more than 5% in the direction of the breakout before moving substantially in the other direction.

      Contrast the behavior shown in Figure 11.3 with that shown in Figure 11.4. I include this chart because I have noticed that a large number of broadening formations act this way. Instead of making a clear up or down thrust that pierces the trendline, price moves horizontally for months before finally closing above or below the formation highs or lows.

      In this case, price declined below the low in early July and halted (the last trendline touch at pattern's end). Price climbed for a bit then receded again and reached a new low in early August. It looks as if price vaulted over the August volume spike.

      Another recovery saw price rise no higher than 44 for about half a year before finally staging an upward breakout. The breakout happened when price closed above the top of the chart pattern. The sideways move isn't a 5% failure, but it tries the patience of traders waiting for something to happen.

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