LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

does not cover other official flows (OOF) or private flows.

      Economic aid - recipient This entry, which is subject to major problems of definition and statistical coverage, refers to the net inflow of Official Development Finance (ODF) to recipient countries. The figure includes assistance from the World Bank, the IMF, and other international organizations and from individual nation donors. Formal commitments of aid are included in the data. Omitted from the data are grants by private organizations. Aid comes in various forms including outright grants and loans. The entry thus is the difference between new inflows and repayments.

      Economy This category includes the entries dealing with the size, development, and management of productive resources, i.e., land, labor, and capital.

      Economy - overview This entry briefly describes the type of economy, including the degree of market orientation, the level of economic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic events and policy changes in the most recent 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future macroeconomic trends.

      Electricity - consumption This entry consists of total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

      Electricity - exports

       This entry is the total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.

      Electricity - imports

       This entry is the total imported electricity in kilowatt-hours.

      Electricity - production This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt- hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

      Electricity - production by source This entry indicates the percentage share of annual electricity production of each energy source. These are fossil fuel, hydro, nuclear, and other (solar, geothermal, and wind).

      Elevation extremes

       This entry includes both the highest point and the lowest point.

      Entities Some of the independent states, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US Government. "Independent state" refers to a people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependencies" and "areas of special sovereignty" refer to a broad category of political entities that are associated in some way with an independent state. "Country" names used in the table of contents or for page headings are usually the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names and may include independent states, dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty, or other geographic entities. There are a total of 267 separate geographic entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows:

      INDEPENDENT STATES

      191 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and

       Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The

       Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,

       Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,

       Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,

       Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,

       Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the

       Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech

       Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,

       Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,

       Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,

       Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy

       See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,

       Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,

       North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,

       Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The

       Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,

       Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,

       Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,

       Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,

       Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea,

       Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,

       Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the

       Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,

       Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,

       Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

       Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania,

       Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,

       Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,

       Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia,

       Zimbabwe

      OTHER

      1 Taiwan

      DEPENDENCIES AND AREAS OF SPECIAL SOVEREIGNTY 6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island 2 China - Hong Kong, Macau 2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland 16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna 2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles 3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau 3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard 15 UK - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands 14 US - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

      MISCELLANEOUS 6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara

      OTHER ENTITIES

       5 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific

       Ocean, Southern Ocean

       1 World

       267 total

      Environment - current issues This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:

      acidification - the lowering of soil and water pH due to acid precipitation and deposition usually through precipitation; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flows and may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions (see acid rain).

      acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered

Скачать книгу